Above: The headquarters of FSB
and former KGB: Lubyanka Building
Ideology helped the Soviet intelligence for recruiting foreign citizens
The reason why Soviet intelligence was so effective was that it was an ideological organization. So the Soviet intelligence used socialism as the tool for recruiting traitors from the "hostile organizations" like the CIA and MI6 (or SIS: Secret Intelligence Service). The main purpose of those recruitments of the foreign citizens was to motivate them to take a job in MI6 or department of defense and then start to send the information to the Soviet foreign intelligence. The problem in intelligence work is confirming the data.
There are millions of people who want to fall governments by using CIA or Russian Intelligence. And there are millions of people who want that the USA or Russia would fight for them against their neighbors.
The most well-known of those cases was the "Cambridge Five", where five British Citizens, Anthony Blunt(1907-1983), Guy Burgess(1911-1963), John Cairncross (1913-1995), Donald MacLean (1913-1983), Harold "Kim" Philby (1912-1988), worked for Soviet intelligence. When we are thinking that method, where some Marxist-Leninist turns to spy for foreign intelligence, we must say that those people are feeling "special or strong burn of ideology in their mind".
If the traitor would be uncovered, that thing caused a long time in jail or the person must move to the Soviet Union. The thing was that when the people of "Cambridge Five" were recruited, the Soviet Union was not known as it is known now. Some people believed that it was "paradise for workers". And they had a strong belief in their ideology. The problem with this kind of method of intelligence is to confirm the information that the people would send to their employers.
The problem with the traitors in the spy game is that those people can tell that they are contacted by foreign intelligence. Or their ideology can change for some reason. The ideological spying for another country is not the thing, that is quite common.
The thing that caused recruitments to Soviet Intelligence during the Second World War was the persecution and humiliation, what Nazis made to suspected communists, and after WWII some ex-nazis were blackmailed to work as informers for the intelligence. Also in cases like Cambridge Five, Soviet intelligence could threaten those people to uncover their work for them if they would not cooperate with the KGB or GRU.
In the HUMINT (Human Intelligence) what is another term to use spies to get the information is that the spies can fake the data, what they can send to the intelligence. Sometimes double-agent or "counter-intelligence operators" would send faked documents to foreign intelligence, which consists of data of the aircraft and missiles, which cannot even work.
In the worst case, the "traitor" would just write the "documents" themselves at their home, and then send them to the foreign intelligence. In those documents, the double-agent could name the head of the KGB along with the commander of strategic missile forces that could be named as the CIA operatives.
Sources:
Cambridge five:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Five
Biographies of members of "Cambridge five".
Anthony Blunt: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Blunt
Guy Burgess: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Burgess
John Cairncross:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cairncross
Donald Maclean:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(spy)
Harold "Kim" Philby:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby
GRU: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU_(G.U.)
KGB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB
MI6/SIS: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service
MI6 homepages: https://www.sis.gov.uk/
Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Lubyanka_Building.jpg
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