Six clicks separate people from each other.

“A long-observed social phenomenon suggests that people across the globe are separated by surprisingly few connections. Credit: Stock” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Prove There Are Just Six Degrees of Separation in a Social Network)

“In a networked world, we are about six steps away from another individual. In the world of the Internet. That means six clicks separate us from any person who uses the internet. This is one of the most incredible ideas. The idea dates back to 1967. Harvard psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment. He sent letters to random people and then asked them to send those letters to their closest friends. This is a classic chain letter experiment. And of course, Milgram asked. People. Those who participated in that network test wrote their names on that paper. The idea was that Milgram wanted to know how far a random person was from Milgram. Most of those letters never return. But in letters. Those that returned were about five to six names. Before they returned to the hand of Milgram. 

This means that there are approximately six people between members of the same network. This causes an interesting thing about networks. People can be members of the same networks. But they ever. Head of each other. And this causes. The situation that we all know. Some people might say that somebody. That person knows, knows that third-party person, or knows somebody who has that name. Those people don’t necessarily know the person. But they know the name. 

“Milgram concluded from his small-world experiments that any two random people in the United States would be linked by a chain of (on average) six steps.” (Wikipedia, Small-world experiment)

In that image, the balls are people who are not involved in the chain. But those people transmit information to their own networks. The same models are used to track the origins of the epidemics. Or, those models can also be used. To track. Things like drug dealers. When some outside actor transfers information into their own networks. That causes a situation where information spreads to global networks. 

“The small-world experiment comprised several experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram and other researchers examining the average path length for social networks of people in the United States. The research was groundbreaking in that it suggested that human society is a small-world-type network characterized by short path lengths. The experiments are often associated with the phrase "six degrees of separation", although Milgram did not use this term himself.  (Wikipedia, Small-world experiment)

But then. We can think. About the networks and their problem. When we think that we all have two or three good friends, we must understand. A couple of things. In information networks, “friend” is not necessarily. The individual person. The friend is the thing. There, we share information. We all have more than just two relationships. If we think that we are three actors, who tell everything to each other. We forget. We can think that humans have two hands. They might all have two connections. Those two close friends are only one connection. And then we have the connection. None of our three people ring knows. When we share information with those outsiders that causes a situation, that information starts to spread in the network. 

Things like married people can use or look at each other’s Facebook accounts. The “Friend” can also be some group. Like a soccer team discussion forum. If we have two trusted fiends in the information network, we often forget that those fiends also have two trusted friends. But there is a possibility that those people or groups. That we think of as “fiend”. Might not know each other. So we might know those two people. But maybe one or both know some third-party member. This third-party member. Is the thing. That causes information to spread through the network. In the networked world. We don’t know. Who really is the person we see on the net? People can claim. That they are even the Secretary General of the U.N. 

The model. That. Between every user of the net. Cause interesting thoughts. Six clicks. Separate us from the biggest chiefs in the business world. Six clicks separate us from a serial killer. And six clicks separate us from secret agents and drug dealers. This means. That the secret agent, the biggest boss, the serial killer, and the drug dealer. They are always part of our networks. This causes an interesting thought. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-prove-there-are-just-six-degrees-of-separation-in-a-social-network/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-world_experiment

 

We are living in an interesting but also the most challenging time in history.

The "black swan" thing is possible but extremely uncommon. When we are thinking about the changes in the environment we are facing the most interesting and at the same time the most challenging era in the history of humans and society. The internet is allowing us to share things very fast. And this thing is challenging because we must always be careful what we are doing.  We must handle many things that were not even possible a short time ago. 

The frame of the modern environment and the challenges that society is facing is climate chancing. But things like pandemics and the new weapon race and new members of the club of nuclear-armed states are making the environment more complicated than ever before. Things like hackers are also operating in the modern environment. And the new thing in hacking is that modern hackers are working under the control of the governments. 

That means that in the modern world of intelligence the agent is just bringing the computer to the country. And the hacker will use that computer by using the remote control from the homeland. That thing allows that the hacker can operate behind the firewalls. And nobody would ever punish that person because the hacker is working for some intelligence agency. 

Authorities should predict the use of hacking as spies. Because the internet is a good platform for that kind of operation. But for some unknown reason, nobody made anything to stop or denying that thing. The authorities trusted that the Chinese will punish the hackers who attacked western high-tech companies. 

Nobody predicted that behind those cyber attacks was the Chinese government. And that means hackers will never get punishments. And the reason for that is they worked for the military intelligence of PLA (People's Liberation Army). 

When we are thinking about the changes in the world we can see two megatrends in the environment. 

1) The network-based applications

The networks have a key role in the successful business. And the biggest opportunity is also the biggest threat. Social media is a good place for marketing because its a cheap and effective environment for P2P marketing. 

In that platform, people can share links to the homepages of the company. But the problem is that if everything is not what it seems. That kind of thing is also uncovering. So the facades are not enough. The entirety must be good. 

Public opinion has a great effect on the success of the company. The politicians who are making laws are dependant on popularity. When people don't like the politicians they are switching them in the next elections. And politicians are making laws. But even if the company is not breaking laws. 

Image II

2) The new business areas. 

The entire new industrial areas are coming. Those areas are things that seemed science fiction a short time ago. The most well-known thing that we are seeing is space tourism. In the beginning, space tourists are paying millions for their flights. But when the spacecraft is turning more common. 

That thing means that also regular people can go to space. The problem with space tourism is that the same systems can use also for military purposes. And the small-size space shuttles are suitable also for ASAT operations. The same systems that are taking people to the same can easily equip with microwave transmitters. 

That can destroy the satellites very easily. And this technology makes it possible that the nations like Brazil and Iran can make their own ASAT programs by benefiting from the technology that is made for commercial space tourism.   

The most chancing thing in the world is the ICT industry. The main role in the ICT business is turning from individual computers and local programs to network-based solutions. That means the complicated applications can use straight in the network by using the browser. So the end-user needs only the web browser for using solutions. Those are operating on the server over the network. 

The biggest advantage in the ICT industry is PHP (Hypertext Preprocess). That thing allows outsourcing the drive of the program code to the servers. And this makes mobile solutions possible. The heavy and complicated programs can drive on the servers in the data center. And that means the most complicated algorithms can drive over the internet by using mobile systems. 

Outsourcing heavy data handling to the computer centers means that the small robots can operate almost independently. The data handling capacity of the robots is always limited. But over the internet, that system can outsource the most complicated calculations and algorithms to the data centers where the supercomputers are handling those things. 

And quantum computers are bringing new visions. The quantum computer-based architecture means that the enormous calculating power of quantum computers can benefit the network. So by using the internet every people in the world can use the quantum computer from their desk or by mobile application. Remote use of quantum computers brings them in every pocket. The data is driven to a quantum system by using regular binary computers. 

End-user cannot see the thing that is making the solution. So the point of view of the user doesn't see the thing that is handling data. That thing is similar to the mobile system. Most of the data handling work is done by using supercomputers that are deep underground. That means the quantum computer is the next step in the continuum of remote data handling. 

But the internet is a challenging operating environment. 

Things like pollution and other things like slave workers can destroy the reputation of the company. Even if those things happen a long way from home. The ethical things in the production are turning more important than ever before. 

The fast-changing world is putting challenges for research and predictions. The unexpected things are making preparing for the future harder than before. When we are trying to predict what happens in the future we are turning into an environmental situation where we have so many variables. 

We cannot handle all billions of variables in the environment. And that means. We cannot make precise predictions for things that are coming in front of us in the future. In the modern world, information is traveling faster than anytime before. In the modern world is not so small actor that it cannot have an effect. Even the smallest actors can make huge damages if they can prove their words. And that thing means that only facades are not enough. 

When we are thinking purely about the modern business infrastructure we are facing the thing that we are facing new types of threats. But at the same time, those threats are big opportunities. A new type of business is coming. Network-based marketing in social media by using hybrid platforms are the things that are bringing a large audience for the smallest start-ups. Hybrid marketing means that the companies are using their homepages. The marketing staff is sharing links in the social network to their homepages. But then we are facing another problem. 

When we are talking about marketing we must ask: "how we make sure that we separate commercials and so-called "neutral information"? The thing is that the use of social media for wrong purposes is always possible. 

And social media is a good place for sharing "clean data". That term means that all negative things are removed from the data. When we are thinking about the neutrality of information. We must understand that in all things that we are facing in the real world has both good and bad side. So no case is not purely positive or negative. 

Image II:https://www.space.com/dream-chaser-space-plane-tenacity-tour.html

https://thoughtandmachines.blogspot.com/

The role of ancient gods in the life of people

The role of ancient gods in the life of people

Do you now that the origin of the tales of "Illuminati" might be in ancient Greece, where the gods and their priests created very complicated networks across the city borders. And those networks sold information about the strengths and tactics of the armies to other states. Also, it is possible that those networks created triggers in the minds of the royal children, who should lead armies, and if those triggers launched by showing the mark, that could make the person unable to work. So this is why those societies are behind many tales, and one of them might be the tale of the "Illuminati".

There is a possibility that the Illuminati was only the name of one secret group or society of Bavaria, which was disbanded at least when its creator Adam Weishaupt died. But as we know tales are living, and maybe the tellers of the first versions of the tales of "powerful Illuminati" connected to the real but very small secret club to tales of the ancient gods.

And of course, those tales were grown during centuries. When Christianity was taken in the official religion in Rome, the ancient gods were turned to myths, and that means they were connected to more or less real secret societies, which might be very short term organizations.

When we are comparing things like ancient gods with the modern perception of god, there are many differences with those things. One of them was that the ancient gods like some Pallas Athena or Zeus were families or groups, which made something happen. In this case, the "family" means the network of people, who had some skills or position in the society, that they can influence in some cases, what will happen in the cities. The statues of those gods and goddesses were the point, where people left the will of taking contact with that specific organization, which ruled some part of social life or necessary things in society.

When we are thinking about Zeus, that over god was the common version, what was used to make contact with some parts of that organization. And why Pallas Athena, the Goddess of skills of war and wisdom was woman, was that the meeting the woman in those cases when the question was about war, the thing was that meeting woman can happen naturally out of people's eyes. But the thing was that Zeus must be kept clean, and that's why solving the problem was delegated to the lower god or organizations. So were those gods some families, and where some families use the name "Zeus" is a mystery.

But the fact is that those ancient gods or mafia families were given the origin of the tales of "Illuminati", and maybe Weishaupt took the idea of his organization from those tales. And here I must say, that officially the organization, what Adam Weishaupt created was disband at the begin of the 19th century. But the legend lives, that this group continued its work as an undercover society.

The ancient gods were organizations, what members or priests were protect their secrets very carefully, and that means those societies had power across Greece. So what made Oracle so powerful was that those persons, who served the Oracle knew the number of enemy soldiers, and if the price was suitable also other people had the right to see those papers.

Even if those city-states were at war, the gods were the same in that area and the priests with their servants made the network across the borders of the states. And that thing might be an effective tool in the right hands. As I have written before this those networks were secret from the eyes of ordinary people. So the origin of the "tales of Illuminati" might be from that era.

Image: Wikipedia

Networks and security of data storage

Networks and security of data storage

Networks are providing many benefits to handle data comparing to traditional methods like USB-sticks. The biggest benefit is that when data is stored in the cloud, that means it is independent of the platform, where it is handled. So in this kind of cases, we must remember, how many USB-sticks we have stolen, and how many times the computer, where the data is stored has damaged?

This is the reason, why the cloud is a really good place for processing data, and that is the thing why companies are investing in those technologies. The computers and other devices, which are used to handle data can be equipped with biometric keys, which gives access to precise data, what is stored in hard disks. When we are making those biometric identifiers we should make them easy to use, like the image, what is taken from the finger. Or rather the things, what are used automatically.

That means that the user of the system might not even know about the biometric identifier. If we think the keys, what are used to log in the computers, they might be things like mobile telephones. If we will make mobile telephone safe key, we might make a system, what has two modes. If the person just opens the mobile telephone, that thing would act like a normal cell phone. But when a person wants to use it as an electronic key, that might need to boot it, and during the startup, the person might need to give the biometric identifier. That would activate the role as the key.

And in a perfect system, the renew of this action should be done often enough, that the system would be safe. That means the cell phone can use by everybody, but only one person might use it as key to the system. And of course, if a person is under threat the snapping secret SOS over the biometric identifier might tell that person is in trouble. If the wrong person uses a telephone, the information of that would send to security personnel, and they might locate the phone very easily.

The thing is that biometric systems are easy to use, and they can collect many types of data. One thing is that the precise information about the areas, what biometric system uses for recognize person might not be mentioned. So the thing is that the mobile telephones, which are used to send the log-in request might have hidden biometric key, what detects if the wrong person tries to use the system. In some cases, the web-camera, what is used for face recognition might use the image of eyes for recognizing the user, and that thing might not be told to the users.

Or the mobile telephone, what is used to recognize the users, is connected to face or retina recognizer, what might be the normal web camera, and that system detects are the person, who attempts to log in the system, and user of the mobile telephone the same. In this case, there are two keys, which are comparing together. So in those cases, the maker of data security protocols has noticed, that some person can lose the mobile telephones.

In the real-life, there is another thing, what the maker of the log-in protocol must realize, is that there is a possibility, that somebody might be forced to let people access to the system. This means that in those cases there must be something to give for those people. The thing is that the system might have a backup protocol for the cases, where somebody is asked log-in for computers, which are used by some other people, and that thing might cause grey hair for the spies.

The thing is that if a person uses only passwords or tries to log in otherwise wring way, that system can lead the person to wring network segment. That network segment might contain information, what is equipped with a tracking cookie. And the mission of this system is to uncover the hackers, who might attempt to steal data.

The networks, virus scanners, and hacking

The networks, virus scanners, and hacking

If we are thinking about the role of the virus scanners in a computer network, the system might detect things, what people might not want to tell. When we are thinking about the role of networks in computing, we have always forgotten that almost every computer in the western ICT-infrastructure is connected to the network.

Every network is an intranet, and in cases, like North-Korea the entire country is the giant intranet, where is shared very well filtered information. The methodology is similar to the companies, what are using IP-address based system, where is shared only information, what is allowed by the leaders of the company. But the scale of those macro-sized intranets is much larger than in some company's network.

And also official authorization makes those systems more powerful tools for surveillance more effective than any private network can be. In that infrastructure, people must force to use the software, what is terminating their privacy, and let government agents check their computers whenever they want. Also, those people should force to get surveillance operators to use their web-cameras by remote control to find out, who is with them. If somebody denies those things, that person might send to prison camps for "retraining".

That means that we must be careful, what we are doing with our computers. The virus scanners can protect the network in the many layers, and of course, server-based systems might protect the system even single computers would not have virus scanners.

But this thing requires one thing, every bit what comes to the network and comes from the network must travel through that server. And the thing is that also the communication between computers, which are connected to the network must be routed that also their data would travel through the server. This arrangement is called the star topology.

One of the things, what virus scanners are doing is that they are protecting the network from outer attackers, and the other mission, what virus scanners have is to protect other users from the attacks, what comes from some network. The thing is that if some hacker would use some network as the attack platform, that means the system can cause damages because trust to that operator is gone, but also authorities are making research and investigations.

That means that the offices might be sealed by officials, and the use of the internet is limited from the personnel who are working in that company. Sometimes is introduced a scenario, where saboteurs would connect their devices to the network, what is operated by their competitor for making troubles for the reputation of that company, what they use as an attack platform.

Those attacks might be tracked very soon, and the police would arrive at the headquarters of some company. Even if those attacks would fail, the platform company would get very big losses, because police must search those offices and interview personnel. When we are thinking the antivirus software in this kind of situation, the mission of it might be identified all computers, which are connected to the network.

Also, the system might have a mission to detect computers, which have different settings than other users computers. But when we are returning to think about our favorite tool, the artificial intelligence, that system can detect computers, what seems like hacking tools. The thing is that the creators of artificial intelligence can input the parameters, what can detect the computers, what are used for hacking tools.

The profile of those machines would get from the computers, what the officials are confiscated. Then the settings and programs of those machines would be programmed to artificial intelligence, and it can detect similar settings and programs from the network. But if we could get more data about the actions of hackers, we could use that data to make a model of the hacker, and that model can be used to detect other hackers from the network.

So in this model, the actions of detected hackers would observe, and that data is used to make model and profile, what can compare with other users. In the best case, the data can be collected from entire studies time, if the hacker is a student. And then the officials would arrest that person after graduation, which makes possible to create a full-scale complete profile of that kind of people.

I know this seems utopistic, but during that surveillance time the hacker could be used to share hoax information to the back organization, and also the files, what that person deliver might be equipped with tracking cookie. Tracking code allows detecting people, who are paying for some other reasons to share that information, what is got by using the illegal methods.

Writing about the next generation hacking tools

Writing about the next generation hacking tools

The short story of the Galileo-remote-control system


This software is created by an Israeli company, what product is the thing called "Data security". The name of the system is similar to the European version of the GPS-system, and sometimes I have thought that is it possible that this tracking tool has got the name, what is similar to European Galileo-system actually because people are wanted to deceive for installing this software accidentally, when they want to install the European location software in their computers.

When we are thinking about the companies, whose mission is actually monitoring the employers of some other companies, we must realize the thing, that those companies can also share that data to the third party. This is a very bad thing, and when we are thinking about the cases when the source codes of tracking software have been stolen, that thing might be very dangerous. The hackers can customize that software, and use it in their own purposes. And this is a really bad thing for the security.

Modern hacking has been changed from the operations of hobbyists to fully professional hackers, who are selling data to the persons, who are willing to pay about things like that. They can also customize the software what is used as the tracking tool, and then resell that software. If the network owner would use the legal tool, what reports the user that the connection is monitored, the hacker can fix that code that way that there would be no information about the surveillance. And this stealth version of this software can slip to the targeted system.

The next generation tool for hacking is artificial intelligence. 

Artificial intelligence would be the next generation tool for hackers. It can operate independently, and in the worst case, the hackers just write the name of the targeted company to the screen. And then the computer hacks the target automatically. The benefit of artificial intelligence is that thing ever get tired. This means that the machine can operate non-stop to searching the network, looking for data, and test the passwords. It can change the IP-address of the attacking machine, which makes it really hard to track.

And the thing is is that this operator would ever sleep, and it can operate even years non-stop in the computer, what is in some empty room, and that computer is far away from the human operators. It cannot be connected to any humans, and if it is found, the hackers remain free, because they cannot be tracked, if the system is made correctly. The computer just delivers the captured data to the internet, and the system can carry it by using several servers, which might locate in the different countries, which makes tracking of the hackers very difficult.

When we are thinking about artificial intelligence, it would be the ultimate tool for hackers. Artificial intelligence can collect every single byte of data, what is written about the company, and then it can look at the worlds, what is looking like the passwords. Actually, it can use the same programs, what people use, but artificial intelligence does it more effective way. The thing is that artificial intelligence can make many things faster than human makes it an effective tool for hacking tool. That means that artificial intelligence can try the entire dictionary book of words to some password square.

Artificial intelligence is an effective tool for hackers.

It can change the IP-address of the computer automatically if the targeted system tries to block the address, where the suspicious traffic of bytes comes from. But it can also compile the response time of the targeted system, and that means that artificial intelligence can try letter by letter the password, and the thing would be that the response time would be a little bit longer if the letter is part of the password.

And it will test the password by putting a letter to the line of the password, and it will compile the errors of the response time. The thing is that when the letter is part of the right password, the system must drive the database a little bit longer because the system would compile the password by mark to mark, and this response time can be metering.

The form of the password can make it easy to notice if the wrong file would be opened on the Internet. In the worst case, the passwords are stored in the database, what is hacked. And then the hackers can dump all that data to their own system. Or they can make own superuser in the database, and that thing can cause the situation, that those hackers can operate years in the targeted systems. Those words are combinations of the letters and numbers, what are stored in the databases, and in some cases, those passphrases can be seen at the Internet by googling the name of the domain and trying word passwords after this. That will sometimes uncover the passwords very effectively if they are in the database, where can be accessed from the internet.

The thing what gives warning that some nation would be behind the hacking is that there must be installed some software in every computer, what is used in some country, and what is owned by some companies. This seems a very effective way to monitor people, but there is one thing, what the actors, what makes this kind of operations have forgotten. People can use their own computers also for the business, and that thing will be very good to know when those kind of things are made.