The hottest exoplanet in the universe

The hottest exoplanet in the universe

Extreme exoplanets are a good source for making interesting theories about the other exoplanets and their role in the planetary systems and even the bearer of lifeforms, which might be very primitive. The hottest known exoplanet KELT9b has a strange meteorological phenomenon, where the rising gas pylon causes the situation, that the atmosphere is heating in ultra-hot temperature. The temperature of an atmosphere of that planet is hotter than the star, what it orbits. 

This strange world might not have any lifeforms, because it's like some hot Jupiter. In some scenarios, this kind of planet would have the gas-geyser in the atmosphere, and that kind of thing allows that the gas from the atmosphere would not flee to the universe or central star of that system. 

In this kind of scenario, the gas would rise to upwards and when gas layers and dust are touching together the temperature of that planet's atmosphere would raise extremely hot because of friction, which would turn the planet extremely hot. If the distance of the planet to the central star is high enough the gas would drop back to the atmosphere.  

But if the planet is too close, that gas would be sucked to the star. If the planet would consist of the heavy elements, that distance can be quite small, and if the entire planet would be made by Crypton, that would be a very heavy object, because element or noble gas Crypton is the heaviest stable element on nature. And if that element forms the Jupiter-size object, that would have an extremely high power gravity field, because that element is so heavy, but the question is "could the noble gas form the planet?". 

That thing has caused the thoughts that are it possible that some planet a similar phenomenon would make the planet, which is a very long distance away from the central star's ability to have liquid water. The theory of this phenomenon has caused because there is a possibility that the friction between the gas layers in the planet atmosphere would make it possible that the temperature on the surface of that planet would allow the existence of liquid water. 

That doesn't mean that there could be any kind of animal or other life forms, except the primitive bacteria, which would live in the water. Those hypothetical organisms get their energy from volcanic heat. In this case, the upper atmosphere of this hypothetical planet would shine in the extremely high temperature, and the friction would shine heat to the surface of that planet. 

The reason why the higher life forms would not probably live on that yet fictional planet would be that the distance between that planet and the central star could be so big, that the radiation of that star would be extremely low, and that's why photosynthesis would not be possible. In some other theories or scenarios, the fast-rotating atmosphere of the planet would melt its entire lithosphere. 

If the planet would have that thing, and then the heated atmosphere would work as the sun for some moons, which is orbiting that planet. The idea is that in this kind of cases the moons of this kind of extreme hot planet would be habitable if their atmosphere would be stable. 

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/this-ultrahot-exoplanet-has-metallic-skies/

When bright stars are covering other stars

When bright stars are covering other stars

Barnard's star distance 6 light-years like in one computer game has been told has the planet. Super-Earth, what orbits quite near of this flare-star, which is quite near to us. And that thing is quite amazing because there have been found the Super-Earths around other stars, what is brighter and farther away from Earth than Barnard's Star. That thing makes sometimes people think that there is something wrong with this kind of object.

And people are asking, why the planets of Proxima Centauri, what is the nearest star of Earth found the only couple of years ago? Gliese 581 is quite a similar star with Proxima Centauri and the distance to that star is 20 light-years. And that exoplanet system is known better than the Proxima system.

Here I must ask one question,  is the Proxima Centauri worse observation target than some red dwarf at 20 light-years away from us? The double star or two brown dwarfs, what is orbiting together and forming the system known as Luhman-16 has been found in 2010, and that thing is quite interesting because Luhman-16 is nearer Earth than Wolf-359 what is 7,78 light-years from Earth and the brightness of Wolf-359 is 0,00002 suns.

Numbers are taken from Finnish Wikipedia. The distance to Luhman-16 is 6,6 light-years and the brightness is similar to Wolf-259. The first suspected exoplanet has been predicted to be near Barnard's star because that star was traveling weaving trajectory.  And that icy planet has been found recently.

But when we are thinking bright stars, we must realize that very bright blue stars are making searching the sun-type stars difficult, because those bright stars are covering the sun-type stars in their brightness. That's why finding yellow stars from another galaxy is impossible. This kind of thing is making the SETI-program difficult, because there is a possibility, that some galaxies would have only blue stars.

If we are thinking the opposite way there is a possibility that in some area of the universe, where is seem only bright blue stars could be only one suitable star for lifeforms, what are similar with Earth. But in this case, we must know, that those bright stars would cover the entire planetary system and even quite bright stars in the middle of them.

Or the star, what might interest SETI-program might be behind those bright stars or hiding behind galactic dust. The thing is that if we want to look for intelligent lifeform, that thing might be somewhere, where we cannot even expect. And the thing is that if those hypothetical advanced aliens would use quantum computers and communicate with qubits, those messages cannot be open for us.

The problem is that in the world is only a couple of radio telescopes or so-called high power telescopes. Of course, there is a lot of telescopes, but the universe is full of interesting targets, which are wanted to observe by using telescopes like VLA and Arecibo. The last one is the zenith telescope, and that means that it is in a fixed position in Puerto Rico. That means that the alien civilization should be in the line of that telescope if astronomers want to get the message from other civilizations and that means that they should have good luck.

Super-Earths and another kind of exoplanets

Super-Earths and another kind of exoplanets

Super-Earths are the most interesting thing in the universe, and when we are thinking about planets, what size or mass is about 2-5 times of Earth those planets can maintain lifeforms, what is quite similar with lifeforms on Earth. But the most important thing, in that case, is the atmosphere of the planet. 

And many times researchers have criticized that they are expecting that the life-forms of other planets are exactly similar to lifeforms of Earth. And that thing might be too much to expect. Those lifeforms could be very different than the lifeforms on Earth, and that means that even if those planets would be a copy of Earth, that doesn't necessarily mean that there could be as example animals. 

That means that the vegetables or flora don't need fauna for existing, and of course, those animals could have a hybrid body. That means that their skin could have chlorophyll molecules, which means that those animals could live in the atmosphere, where is no free oxygen, and that means that those species are both, they could be animals as well as vegetables. 

But when we are going back to think about exoplanets and Super-Earths, those super giant rocky planets what are forming the silicon and other solid elements could have a negative effect to the forming the Earth-size rocky worlds, where the lifeforms could be exactly similar with Earth, and the reason for that is simple. Those Super-Earths need very much material when they are forming, and that thing can cause those very heavy particles to simply tie all solid elements of the molecular cloud into themselves. 

And that means that silicon and iron would be lost in that cloud because all of those elements are sucked by Super-Earths. There is a thing that those supermassive planets can have size over half a Jupiter, and they are many times heavier than it. This means that this kind of particle can be extremely dominating in every solar system. But when we are thinking this kind of particles as the stabilizers of the solar systems, they can operate as well the favorable Jupiter as Jupiter itself acts in our solar system. 

But if the mass of that planet is two times of Jupiter, the right location of it would be a radius of two times farther than Jupiter, if the star is similar to Sun. And of course, the moons have also effect to the distance, which is suitable for forming of the habitable planet, because of seas and other things like rotation speed and the number of particles like dust between the planet and star also have affected the forming of the conditions of the atmosphere, where lifeforms what are similar with Earth can form. 

https://www.space.com/42813-most-fascinating-exoplanets-2018.html