ESA's new Invictus space plane could be operational in 2031.

ESA's new space plane “Invictus” is one of the next-generation tools for civil and military space missions. The Invictus looks like the Skylon space plane that BAE recently cancelled. The Invictus could be based on technology that was created for Skylon, but the aircraft will have a more capable team working with it. The European Space Agency (ESA) plans to get Invictus airborne and operational at least in 2031. When we think about the Invictus’s role in space missions, we must first look at the cases where the Cold War-era F-4 Phantoms are planned to be used as satellite cargo missions. Those quite fast fighters will climb as high as they can and then launch miniature satellites into orbit. 

The Invictus can also raise similar satellite carriers to the edge of the atmosphere. And then they can launch those satellites far higher than the F-4 or F-15 Eagle. There have been plans to connect auxiliary rocket packs to the F-4 or F-15 that allow them to jump higher before they release the satellite. 

 The Invictus can have rocket-ramjet or more conventional rocket turbojet hybrid systems. The idea in rocket ramjets is that the ramjet engine raises the space plane to the edge of the atmosphere. Then the iris closes the engine face. And then the engine starts to use an internal oxygen source. In rocket turbojets, the system uses normal turbojet engines in atmospheric flight. 

"A US Vought ASM-135 ASAT missile launch on 13 September 1985, which destroyed P78-1" (Wikipedia, Anti-satellite weapon)

Then the system closes the face of the afterburner, and then that system turns the afterburner into a normal rocket. In the simplest engine solution, the aircraft uses turbojets in the atmosphere. When the flight altitude turns high enough, the system turns to use separated rocket engines. The iris at the front of the turbojet is required because the airflow can damage turbine wings. But if developers can install those orbital rocket engines with some other engine type that decreases the weight of the system. 

The staged system, where the aircraft can operate first with turbojets and then turn to ramjet and finally to scramjet, allows it to fly in the atmosphere at a higher speed using atmospheric oxygen. When that space plane jumps out from the atmosphere, it turns to use rocket mode in ramjet engines. 

There is also an idea about high-altitude airships (HAA), or High Altitude platform stations (HAPS), as the satellite launchers. Those airships can rise to altitudes of about 30 kilometers. They can launch bigger satellite carriers than jet fighters. Those platforms can be airships, balloons, or solar-powered aircraft. HAPS can also use things like internal fuel cells. The HAPS can carry a satellite launcher to high altitude and launch it there. 

The idea of aircraft-based satellite launchers is taken from the U.S. military ASAT, Anti-satellite weapon. The F-15 raises that weapon to the highest point of ballistic trajectory and then that system launches the satellite-killer missile. 

The thing in the satellite launchers is that the same systems can also transport anti-satellite (ASAT) systems to orbiters. Satellites are playing a bigger and bigger role in the modern military. Satellites offer reconnaissance information about enemy movements. And there are also killer satellites in space. ASAT systems can take those killer satellites out. So in that case, they play a counterweapon role. But of course, targeting satellites and military communication satellites are good targets for ASAT weapons. 

So, that means anti-satellite weapons will become more important than ever before. The ASAT weapons can also become more vital than ever before because of suspected fractional orbital bombardment systems (FOBS) or EMP weapons that the enemy launches at orbital trajectory. The ASAT system can eliminate those threats. 

https://www.rudebaguette.com/en/2025/07/theyre-back-from-the-dead-cold-war-f-4-phantoms-revived-to-launch-satellites-and-experts-warn-this-is-military-space-2-0/

https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/europe-working-to-launch-invictus-hypersonic-space-plane-by-2031-video

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_platform_station

AI-control robots are a good alternative for manned space projects.

"Artist's impression of the Dragonfly spacecraft flying over the surface of Titan" (Wikipedia, Dragonfly)

The biggest problem with missions to another planet in our solar system is this: flight times to planets are far longer than flight travel to the Moon. The only realistic place where we can travel safely is Mars. On other planets Venus's thick atmosphere causes risks. Of course, it's possible to travel to Venus and land on its highlands. 

But on the lowlands. The risk is that if the astronaut falls and damages the spacesuit the 600-degree temperature kills astronauts. 

The problem is that in a thick atmosphere, even small things like volcanic eruptions can cause very powerful pressure waves that can make astronauts slip. In those scenarios, the astronauts use the space suits or the suits made for blast furnace workers. Those space suits can equipped with HULC-style exoskeletons and the system can filter air from carbon monoxide. 

On Mercury. The sun's particle flow is dangerous. The astronaut who lands on that planet gets very high radiation doses. Mars is the only safe planet inside the asteroid belt. Or it is supposed to be safe. But the carbon dioxide ice pockets under its surface can cause the fall of the surface. And the sand devils the small tornadoes can cause static electricity that damages systems. 

"This artist’s concept depicts a small rover – part of NASA’s CADRE (Cooperative Autonomous Distributed Robotic Exploration) technology demonstration headed for the Moon – on the lunar surface. Motiv Space Systems in Pasadena, California, created the rendering and is collaborating with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory on critical rover and mobility functions. Credit: Motiv Space Systems, edited" (ScitechDaily, NASA’s AI Rovers Are Heading to the Moon to Explore Without Human Control)

There is also the possibility that astronauts dirt the planet and that can deny to detect the possible original lifeforms on that planet. If the shell of the spacecraft or Mars base is damaged it can deliver organic material all around the planet. That thing can cover remnants of past lifeforms like bacteria under them. 

But journeys to Jupiter and Saturn are too long. That takes too much lifetime of astronauts. Maybe there are no places where the manned craft can land. The four big Galilean moon's gravity is weak. There is also volcanic activity on the surface of Io. And other three moons have subsurface oceans. That means it's possible. 

That the landing craft will fall below the ice. Saturn is farther than Jupiter and flight time to that planet is over 5 years. Cassini traveled between Saturn and Earth for 6,7 years. The nuclear chemical rockets can travel that journey in about 2-4 years. But there are not any of them in operation. All atomic rockets are still in some planning stages. 

AI-controlled robots are a safe way to do planetary research. Those drones can fly or travel on the distant planet's or moon's surface. Flying quadcopter drones like NASA's Dragonfly that it sends to Titan moon can also dive in methane oceans and they can also operate in the gas giant's atmosphere. 

The AI-controlled robots can use the same programs as the systems that sort bottles to different lines. Geologists can teach those systems which stones they must pick. 

Those AI-controlled robots. Like AI-controlled Moon rovers are safer than manned spaceflights. They can be used as testbeds for civil and military solutions. The Moon is an excellent place to test programs and systems for Titan missions.  On Earth, those robots can also operate underwater and airborne. 

https://scitechdaily.com/nasas-ai-rovers-are-heading-to-the-moon-to-explore-without-human-control/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)

New rotation detonation rocket engines can revolutionize spaceflight and aviation.

The artist's impression of USAF's top secret hypersonic "Mayhem" bomber concept. (Image: Popular mechanics)

Rotation Detonation Rocket Engine. Or simply RDRE engine is the next generation rocket system. The big difference between regular rocket engines is that RDRE engine uses screw-shaped burning structure. The simplest way to make an RDRE engine is to make a screw-looking structure in the walls of the combustion chamber. 

The RDRE engine uses less fuel than a regular rocket engine. And that means it's an excellent tool for moon travel. But the RDRE engine can make much more than just transit people between the Moon and earth by using moon shuttles. The RDRE engine can connect with large-size hypersonic aircraft. 

When that hypersonic aircraft starts to make a ballistic jump above the atmosphere. It can turn to use the RDRE engine when it reaches space. That makes it possible to create a real space shuttle that can operate from regular airfields. And that system can make futuristic travel to the moon from regular airports possible. 

But that kind of engine combination can make things like "Mayhem" hypersonic bombers more advanced and more deadly than ever before. The ability to connect rocket engines to hypersonic aircraft is always an interesting thing. That kind of system can make it possible to launch satellites. And the same system can also use in space fighters. 

Researchers are interested in scramjet engines because they use atmospheric oxygen. That gives more space for fuel.  And if the scramjet has a flap at the front of it. And internal oxygen tanks can turn into a rocket. This engine system allows the craft to operate at the orbital trajectory or travel to the moon. 

The RDRE engine could connect with scramjet- or ramjet engines. The idea is that at the front of the engine is the flap that is closed when the aircraft cannot use air from the atmosphere. 

Then the system can turn to use internal oxygen that makes the same aircraft or shuttle able to operate in the atmosphere and space. The system can be more powerful and multi-use than ever before. The screw-looking structure in the ramjet- or scramjet engine will also allow them to fill the chamber more effectively. 

The flap scramjet makes it possible to create hypersonic aircraft that don't need any compressors or regular jet engines for lift-off. At the beginning of the flight, the system uses flap scramjets in rocket mode. When the aircraft's speed is high enough the system turns to use the oxygen from the atmosphere. And if will turn to fly to an orbital trajectory. It turns back to use its engines in rocket mode. 

https://afresearchlab.com/technology/rotating-detonation-rocket-engines-rdre/

https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a42589676/air-forces-secret-hypersonic-bomber-project-mayhem-updates/

https://scitechdaily.com/rotating-detonation-rocket-engine-nasas-revolutionary-propulsion-design-for-deep-space-missions/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_detonation_engine

See also: 

Scramjet

Ramjet

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

Why are things like the JWST telescope along with Artemis and Dart spacecraft advancing the economy and civil and military technology?

Above: Dart mission. 

The growing economy requires innovation and trust. 

The price of the JWST and Artemis is very high. But the fact is that they are advancing economical advantage. Those kinds of high-profile projects are a good introduction to the know-how of the actors that are working with them. This thing will bring companies to offer their ideas and discuss with NASA and its cooperatives about advancing space technology in civil and military areas. 

When we are thinking about the price of the moon program. We always forget that the moon program gave many sidelines like velcros. And the experience of heavy-duty systems. But it also opened the path to developing lightweight computers and later artificial intelligence. So the projects like Artemis and JWST are offering the framework where new products can develop. 

Things like Mars-rovers are also offering the tool how to test independently operating vehicles and the artificial intelligence software that can turn into everyday life. Innovation is the key element in those missions. 

The new technology can be dangerous in the wrong hands. 

NASA's Dart mission also offers the possibility to create and develop a new type of artificial intelligence-based technology that allows one to search for the right asteroid and shoot the penetrators to it. But the same technology that is used in Dart can use for creating killer satellites that can destroy at least military satellites. 

The problem with killer satellites is that space is, of course, a demilitarized area. But things like GPS satellites, recon satellites that point to the targets, and satellites that are supporting military forces in some other ways are military targets. The military role of the satellite makes it a legal military target. 

So the killer satellites are satellites that might seem harmless to people on Earth. But modern technology is changing that situation. Those satellites can drop armed quadcopters from the orbiter. 

Those quadcopters can be satellite-controlled and armed with pistols or larger weapons. Those systems are more realistic than some "rail guns". They are simply capsules that are dropped through the atmosphere and release those drones. 

Image: https://therobustframe.in/dart-mission-by-nasa-to-stop-an-asteroid/

There is a new era for space exploration.

The next attempt to launch Artemis 1 mission is maybe on Friday.  The fact is that the new era of spaceflight is rising. New heavy-duty cargo systems like Artemis and Space-X's Starship are making history. 

They allow creating the new type of missions where large structures can assemble at the Earth and moon orbiters. The miniature shuttles can use as assistant systems that are putting the parts of the large-size structures in the right places. 

But why the Moon is an important thing for the next-generation space missions?

The space station that is on the moon's surface offers a good place to test the technology that is needed on Mars and farther. But another thing is that the Moon is needed for interplanetary flights for one reason. Interplanetary flights are based the nuclear-powered spacecraft. The nuclear reactor that is used in those missions is dangerous because radioactive material from those reactors can fall to Earth. 

Sending a nuclear reactor to the Moon's orbiter requires heavy cargo systems. The highly radioactive material that is needed as fuel in those reactors can launch to the moon's surface in multiple different launches. That minimizes the possibility that the nuclear material can leak to large areas in nature. 

Nuclear fuel can be stored in hard capsules and shot together with other parts of the Moon's orbiter. When only a minimum mass of fission material is shot in each launch, it minimizes the possibility of a large-scale nuclear disaster. 

The nuclear-powered rockets' parts can be put together at the Moon orbiter and the reactor can start behind the Moon. That denies radioactive debris to fall on Earth. 

The moon's orbiter is also in a very good position for larger space telescopes than James Webb. The service crews can use the Moon's surface for the storage of mirrors and other systems. The service for those large-scale and extremely expensive instruments can also make by using robot teams. The remote-control robots can change the mirrors of those telescopes that can be even larger than JWST. 

Image: https://scitechdaily.com/sunrise-for-the-moon-dawn-of-a-new-era-in-space-exploration/

Could a hypothetical quark star be invisible?

There is the possibility that there are so-called "stealth stars" in the universe

The hypothetical quark star is one of the "should be" objects. But there is no single observation of that type of star. Theoretically, quark stars are the medium between neutron stars and black holes. But why we cannot see that thing? 

Could the reflection that comes from free quarks have a wavelength that we cannot observe? The free quarks will send the radiation that has so short wavelength that we cannot observe that radiation because we have no object that resonates with that thing.

What if radiation comes straight from the surface of quarks? Normally the radiation comes from the quantum fields of atoms or protons and neutrons. But if there are free quarks somewhere in the universe, those quarks would send radiation that has so short wavelength that we cannot see that thing. So does that thing explain, why we have no observations about the hypothetical quark stars? Are those objects sending wavelength that is invisible to us?

Could dark energy mean the radiation that comes straight from the surface of quarks? If naked quarks are sending the radiation. That radiation has a wavelength that is shorter than any other radiation. Normally quarks are in the protons and neutrons. And those objects are sending radiation from their quantum fields. 

But there is the case where the quarks might be free. That case is the quark star. There is the possibility that the quark stars are invisible to us because in those cases the quarks are sending radiation in the wavelength that is the size of quarks. 

The thing that might cause the forming of a stealth star is the case, where the reflection is coming back in the form of a wavelength that is impossible to see. So maybe so-called quark stars have small bubbles of quarks on their surface that make them invisible to the eye.

In that case, the reflection happens with a wavelength that is coming from the frequency of quarks. When radiation hits the quarks they are sending echo as the wavelength that is the same. As the size of those subatomic particles. In normal cases, quarks are in the protons and neutrons. And we can see things like neutron stars. 

The reflection from the neutron stars is coming as the wavelength that is the same as the size of neutrons. But in quark star the quarks are naked. They are without the quantum field and give the reflection as the pure quarks. In a neutron star, the radiation reflection comes from quantum fields that surround neutrons. So if naked quarks are giving reflection or sending radiation that means the wavelength of that radiation would be far shorter than radiation that comes from neutrons. 

The question of planet 9 is causing an interesting theorem. Could that mysterious object that causes the strange gravitational effect to the trajectory of planet Neptune be the fermion or rather saying quark star. 

There is the possibility that the quark stars are invisible because the quarks are sending radiation reflection in a wavelength that is impossible to notice. There is the possibility that quark stars are not smooth. In some theories, the quarks are making the small hills or small bubbles in the surface of the quark stars. And that thing means that the reflection from that surface is coming from an extremely short wavelength. 

There is the possibility that there are so-called "stealth stars" in the universe. In some ideas, extremely heavy objects can surround by the whirl of electrons. Which are pushing photons away from the surface. In some other visions, the halo that is caused by reflecting radiation around quark stars can eliminate the reflection. In that case, the star reflects 100% of radiation in the same direction where that incoming wave movement is coming. 

And in this case, the counter radiation of the object will delete the incoming radiation. So in this idea, the object acts like an active jammer system that denies the echo of the radiation. When the incoming and reflecting radiation with the same wavelengths hit together they are neutralizing each other. 

https://physicsworld.com/a/calculations-point-to-massive-quark-stars/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_star

Image:https://physicsworld.com/a/calculations-point-to-massive-quark-stars/

https://thoughtandmachines.blogspot.com/

V-2 rocket is one of the what-if products in the world

Image I: The V-2 rocket

Nazi Germany's V-2 rocket was a fiasco. The original name for V-2 was A-4 (Aggregate 4). In appendix 2 is the list of "aggregate" rockets of Peenemünde.  But the nazi propaganda changed the official name of that weapon to the V-2, which means Vertungswaffe 2 or revenge weapon 2. But the A-4 is only the top of the German rocket weapon programs. There was almost so way lethal rocket weapon under development that A-4 was. 

The name of that weapon was A-5, and it was planned to launch from the Heinkel III bomber against the ships and other similar targets. The A-5was the first air-launched missile that used liquid fuel. And if that weapon could cross the speed of sound and hit ships it could be more lethal than any "Fritz-X" glide bomb. 

The A-5 was the aerodynamic test unit for the A-4 or V-2 missile. But it could use as an anti-ship missile. Luckily nobody thought that thing in those days. The idea for the hypersonic missile is "stolen" at least partially from A-5. 

 V-2 was too complicated for the product in the circumstances of the war. The problem with the V-2 rocket was that it was one of the most advanced weapons in the world. When those "revenge weapons" hit London they gave no warning. The lucky thing was that those terror weapons produced so little number that they could cause the change of the war. But still, the question is on the air. What if nazis would produce a large number of those weapons in peacetime? What if the war did not begin in 1939. What if Hitler would wait until the weapon was ready. 

A-5 under HE-111 bomber

And what if the bureaucracy didn't slow down the V-weapon program? That thing is a mystery. But the fact is that the V-2 rocket caused many questions after WWII. And one is that what if the mad man who lead the nazi government would wait until the engineers could solve technical problems of the V-2 rocket program? And the number of those weapons was higher than it was? What if their production would be more successful than in wartime? 

Image III: FX-1400 "Fritz-X" 

Could the same thing happen after WWII with some other device?

When we are thinking the quantum computers and other kinds of kinds of systems the code is free. Almost everybody can search for data from the internet. And if that person has qualified engineers and other specialists in service that thing can make nasty surprises. The thing is that the V-2 (A-4)and A-3 programs were the creepy visions that the geniuses can make if they are serving the evil. The open data is making many surprises for the environment in both civil and military sectors. 

(1) https://www.v2rocket.com/start/chapters/peene/peenemuende.html

(2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregat

(3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_X

Image I:https://v2rockethistory.com/how-rockets-fly/

Image II:http://www.v2rocket.com/start/chapters/peene/a5-on-he111.jpg

Image III:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_X

https://aboutspaceandtech.blogspot.com/

The lunar landers of the future can make their landing pad. (Flight Alumina Spray Technique)

The idea of the FAST (Flight Alumina Spray Technique) system is introduced in Sciencealert.com. Is simple inside the rocket nozzle that will inject solid particles which are making the plate for the lander. The  FAST system acts like some kind of printer. That system shoots solid particles under the rocket engine.

And it makes the plate for the lunar lander. There are a couple of versions of that idea. And the first one is in the article which link is below this text. FAST particle spray can have many uses on the Lunar surface and Earth. The same system can operate on other planets.

 And the FAST system can be useful for landing on Mars. 

The FAST system can use to secure the landing site and make the surface of Mars stronger. The problem with the red planet is that under its surface is carbon dioxide ice that can detonate. And in those places will form quite a deep hole. The FAST system can 

The second version is using electromagnetic radiation like microwaves for melting the ground. And then the operators would just wait that the melted stone turning solid. Or they can inject very cold gas like liquid nitrogen or simple liquid air to the melted point. And that thing can cool the landing site very fast. One of the versions of the cooler. Is to use the Bose-Einstein condensate or extremely cold dust for the cooling system. 

FAST system

The cold gas or dust can also use to suppress the heat of the exhaust gas of rockets. The cold gas or dust that is transferred to the exhaust gas will cool it. And that thing allows to land to land by using rocket engines. Cooling the exhaust gas denies the fire. And that thing can use for making regular aviation safer. If the cold gas will pump to the exhaust gas of the jet engines. That will decrease the infrared signature of the aircraft. And that is suitable for civil and military aircraft. 

The idea for this kind of system can transfer to cargo helicopters and aircraft. That operates in the Earth's atmosphere. The helicopter can pump liquid nitrogen into the water. And use that ice floe for the landing site. In the same way, those helicopters or aircraft can use the microwave system for detonating the mines from the landing site. 

Similar systems with FAST can use to make the temporary landing sites for helicopters and aircraft. And they can use to make roads stronger for heavy vehicles. 

And then the system will pump the liquid gas or Bose-Einstein condensate to that point. The extremely cold gas can use to make large-scale ice floes. And those ice floes can use as the airfields. The system must only pump the gas or dust which temperature is near zero kelvin to the sea. The idea for this system is "stolen" from the H.M.S "Pykrite". ("Project Habakkuk"). The ship-looking ice statue from WWII. 

The ice statue's mission was to play the aircraft carrier. The ice can also use to slight the runways on the meadows. The icy runways will, of course, melt away. But ice is easy to create by using powerful coolers. And those ice runways can use as fakes or they can form temporary landing sites if the ice is strong enough. 

And that thing can create a hard ice floe that can use also for landing and take-off sites for large-scale aircraft. The aircraft can bring to the right point by using ships and then the cold gas will deliver to waves. Or the ice float can create by using submarines. And they can use for rescue missions. The aircraft can land on the ice and the submarine can collect the wreck of the aircraft. Or that system can use to send some top-secret aircraft like "Aurora". 

()https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2020_Phase_I_Phase_II/Instant_Landing_Pads_for_Artemis_Lunar_Missions/

()https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Habakkuk

()https://www.sciencealert.com/future-lunar-landers-could-spray-their-own-instant-landing-pad-on-arrival

Images:()https://www.sciencealert.com/future-lunar-landers-could-spray-their-own-instant-landing-pad-on-arrival

()https://networkedinternet.blogspot.com/

About the greenhouses as the food producers for the space and Mars stations.

The key is: how to protect crops against cosmic radiation?

When we are talking about greenhouses in the Mars stations those things have very little in common with the greenhouses on Earth. The reason why we are calling those places, where is grown food for space colonies as "greenhouses" are those plantations. The purpose of those plantations is to protect the vegetables or other crops against cosmic radiation. 

The structure of the space greenhouses seems more nuclear reactor than some greenhouses on Earth. The system doesn't necessarily need windows because the needed sunlight can be made by using UV lamps. So the windows of the space stations are only an artist's impression. The problem with space agriculture is the opposite of nuclear reactors. 

When the protective building's mission with nuclear reactor is to keep the radiation in the building. The purpose of the protective building in the space stations is to keep the radiation outside. So the same protection systems used with nuclear reactors can use to protect crew and food against cosmic radiation. 

There is an article that the greenhouses are not suitable for producing food for Mars colonies. That thing is correct. If we are thinking to use the regular materials and methods that are using on Earth. The greenhouses that are built on the low-pressure atmosphere must have a pressurized cabin inside them. Also, micrometeorites can cause problems. 

So even if the Mars stations are looking like normal houses they need technology like airlocks. The air will pull back into the station by using the compressors, and that thing is making the loss of air minimum. The gas is used in the space station must be pressurized air. Pure oxygen causes the danger of fire. There must be the inhibitor gas in the oxygen of the cabin because that denies the explosive fire. 

And the vegetables must protect against radiation. Glass structures that are used in those greenhouses must be similar to what is used in nuclear reactors. The protection must make for protecting the crops and other vegetables against gamma-rays. That kind of protection is made for nuclear reactors.  In the plans, the lead-carbon hybrid glass is protecting the greenhouse against micro meteors. 

The needed thing is the radiation protection that can be made by using hydrogen layers between those windows. But there is also possible to use the electromagnetic field that is turning the electrons (Beta radiation) and helium ions (Alpha radiation) away from the structure. The simplest way to make that thing is simple to use two magnets. Those magnets are pulling the ions away from the structure of the station. 

When people are talking about greenhouses in space technology, they don't usually think that the space and Mars stations are using special glass and radiation protection against cosmic radiation. So those "greenhouses" are more advanced than the well-known agricultural platforms on Earth. 

In this text, the space station means the station that is in a vacuum. The Moon stations are space stations because they are not covered by the atmosphere. And the stations that are surrounded by the atmosphere are things like Mars stations. 

()https://scitechdaily.com/greenhouses-probably-wont-work-for-growing-crops-on-mars-because-of-cosmic-radiation/amp/

()https://visionsoftheaiandfuture.blogspot.com/

Does the universe have no beginning, as Stephen Hawking thought?

"Timeline of the metric expansion of the universe. Where space, including hypothetical non-observable portions of the universe, is represented at each time by the circular sections. On the left, the dramatic expansion occurs in the inflationary epoch; and at the center, the expansion accelerates (artist's concept; not to scale)". (Wikipedia, Big Bang)

The question is: is there even the beginning point for the universe? Is it possible that there was no beginning for the universe? In this text term "universe" means the bubble of material in space. And space means the dimension where that bubble of material is hovering. The Big Bang is the point of spacetime where the material is released to the universe or space. 

The reason why singularity theory has been dominated the discussions about the beginning of the universe. Is that we haven't believed that light or photons can turn to the material. And when we are talking about antimatter-matter annihilation. We must realize that annihilation happens between all particle-antiparticle pairs. So quark and its anti-quark are also annihilating like other particle and antiparticle pairs. 

Annihilation simply means that the particles are turning to energy. And the ability to form material from light or energy means anti-annihilation. So confirming that thing opens the new paths for the Big Bang theories. 

That thing means we should define the Big Bang to the point, where the material was forming in the universe and the new tests have proven that the material can form straight from the energy. So where that energy came from in the case of the Big Bang? Maybe it came from other universes. And here I mean the universe is like the bubble where all material existed. But the space continues beyond this bubble. 

And that causes the theory that the light quants impacted with photons and formed the electron-positron pairs, that formed annihilation called the Big Bang. So in this version of the Big Bang theories the universe, or the space where entire material that we know existed before the Big Bang. And there was some kind of wave movement that turned to the material. So the Big Bang released material to the space. But it didn't form the space, where the universe is. 

When the light forms material forms the electron-positron pairs that thing causes an interesting idea. Is it possible that when the Big Bang happened that thing formed two universes? 

So if we are thinking that way the original Big Bang happened outside our universe. In that process formed two clouds of particles. The electron clouds where electrons were the majority and that cloud formed our universe. 

And in the Big  Bang also released the positron cloud or the cloud where positrons were the majority and the electrons were the minority. Then the material formed through the annihilation from the electron-positron pairs to higher particles.  And that means that the same reaction should happen in that another universe. 

Those two universes are the universe where we are living and the antimaterial universe. That thing is causing interesting ideas about the things like alien creatures. We have noticed that the particle can turn matter to antimatter and backward. That means there is the possibility to travel between those universes. But the material must turn from material to antimatter. 

()https://www.livescience.com/einstein-equation-matter-from-light

()https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/

()https://qsstudy.com/physics/pure-energy-is-transformed-into-matter-antimatter-by-colliding-with-light

()https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation

()https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

()https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

Image:()https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

()https://visionsoftheaiandfuture.blogspot.com/2021/08/does-universe-have-no-beginning-as.html

The post-stellar civilization

The post-stellar civilization

Thoughts about the super civilizations

In someday every star would end its life, and in that case, the entire planetary systems will be destroyed. But after the explosion in the planetary nebula could start forming the new planets, what are similar to earth, but what has different sky than we have. When we found the exoplanets orbiting the pulsar, we have created ideas of the post-stellar civilization. In those models, the civilization would notice the change of the star and take enough distance to explode star, and then that alien race would start to benefit the energy of the dead star. They can create massive centrifugal force cannons, which drives the material to the remaining of the star, and then that civilization would collect that energy by using the solar panels.

So in this scenario, the civilization would just move to outer planets, when their star would start to expand. And then they would survive the explosion by evacuating to the space station or creating some kind of energy field, which will turn the impact wave of the exploding star away. And in that case, they would just dig huge tunnels for protecting themselves from the radiation, and of course, those creatures would suck the atmosphere of the planet to huge tank, where they can store that gas. And deny it escape to space when the temperature of the planet will rise.

How to benefit gravity energy?

Could it be possible, that somewhere in the universe would be civilization, what lives on the planet, what is orbiting the white dwarf or neutron star? The thing is that those civilizations could benefit gravitational energy, but how those civilizations would do that. Benefiting the gravitational energy is easier than we ever thought if we would have a star, what has very strong gravity like a thick white dwarf, neutron star or black hole, what we could benefit in that kind of action.

The thing is that gravity energy can benefit simply by shooting material to the surface of that star. When the material will impact the surface of that kind of star, that thing causes a powerful nuclear detonation. And the energy of those impacts can be collected by using the solar panels, or in the case of neutron star the radio mast can be put in the electron ray, which leaves from the neutrons star.

The material like small stones can be driven to the surface of the star by using the centrifugal cannon, which just slings the material to the star, and the thing is that the white dwarf is enough for causing the huge explosions or eruptions. Those eruptions are releasing energy, which can be collected by using solar panels. In the case of a neutron star, the energy can be collected straight from the gravity field by using a radio antenna. The disk of a black hole is sending radiation, which can be collected by using solar panels. But if we would put the power satellite to the jettison of the black hole, that would give very much energy for the civilization.

Could some civilizations survive from the end of the universe?

When we are thinking about the post-stellar civilizations, they might be very old, and they would not require star for their existence. In some theories, this kind of civilization would remain from the universe, what was before our universe. The idea of that thought has been taken from the paralleled universe theory, or sharper saying the theory where it is claimed that universes are following each other.

The idea is that when the final stars have spent their fuel the dark matter would start to form the black holes. In normal case, the dark matter would not react, but when the universe is very stable, the gravity would start to win and pull the dark matter to one point. The idea is that the dark matter effects by its gravity, and that means that at least gravity would start to make new kinds of black holes, which is forming by dark matter. But for making that thing possible, the universe must be an absolute stable condition. And that means that this would not happen until the final star has been flamed out.

The thing is that when the last molecule from the universe is pulled in the black hole, that thing causes effect, that the gravity would start to affect in a longer distance than ever, and the dark material would also start to accumulate, and then it starts to form giant black holes. Then those black holes are starting to collide with other black holes. In this version of the multiverse theories, every universe would end it's life in the big crash, where all material would form the giant black hole. And then that black hole would just explode as the new big bang. In this theory, some civilization can remain alive, if it can stay enough far away from that giant black hole.

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The models of alien civilizations could be the civilization of humans in the distant future.

The models of alien civilizations could be the civilization of humans in the distant future. 

During the interstellar flight, evolution has time to work

When we are creating models of an alien civilization, we are also creating models, what our civilization might look like tomorrow, and if we are thinking about the possibility to create stable colonies in our solar system and farther in the universe. The thing is that sooner or later every each of the stars spends its nuclear fuel and if the star is like our sun, it would end it's life as a nova, which means that the end is as the white dwarf. 

The bigger star would end it's life as a supernova. And if we are thinking this kind of thing at the point of view of evolution, that means that the citizens must flee from its planet or it must be terminated. In many models, the civilization can advance only in the planets, what is orbiting the yellow stars, what can live long enough. So the model could be wrong because there is a possibility that even the short-living blue star might have the planet, where is intelligent life-form. 

And if the intelligent life form is curious and it observes it's a star, it might notice that the end is near, and start to create the giant space arks, what it can use for evacuating. During this process, the civilization would terminate the non-wanted genetic material, and that means that the controlled evolution would make them different than they were at the beginning of the process. If that kind of civilization would put all its knowledge, and intelligence to that operation, it can survive. And when the entire civilization moves to the artificial planets, what the giant spacecraft are, there are not similar problems than in conventional space journeys. The scale of those projects is so huge, that we cannot even think that we would do that in modern days. 

But maybe in the distant future, we or our descendants are facing the situation, that they must leave this planet. And at least, when our star the sun would be ending its life as a star when it explodes as a nova, the civilization must leave the solar system to finding new energy sources. In some theories, the civilization would move to farther planets, when the star is growing, and in those scenarios, we have forgotten, that there is a possibility that solar system might have only one planet. 

But this kind of thing is pure speculation. There are many other models about civilization and the thing is that we could be that "alien civilization" in the day tomorrow. If we are thinking the hypothetical space civilization, that civilization might use 100 % of the energy of some star by simply closing the red dwarf in the giant ball, what is covered by using the silicon panels, and that giant structure can send energy to the alien crafts by using very powerful masers or electron cannons. 

There are many forms of the theoretical alien civilizations

Could the hypothetical alien civilization consist of two groups of aliens? The planetary and space race. The other group lives in planets, and other group lives in spacecraft, and they would ever land to the planets. There is a possibility, that the aliens could hybridize with their spacecraft. If the aliens would have a collective mind or consequence that means that it would eliminate the rebellion or violence. The thing is that the collective mind would benefit the community. 

But individual intelligence could danger the mission. This is the paradox of the hypothetical extremely long term missions, which could take even millenniums. One of the things, that we must realize when we are thinking about the hypothetical alien civilization, what might be traveled between the stars, is that those creatures might not make that thing for fun. They must have a reason for those journeys, which will take even millenniums. That thing means that the crew of those crafts might face the evolution, what we cannot even imagine. 

When we are thinking about things like the physiology or brain capacity of aliens, we must realize, that those creatures might be intelligent as a group. This means that the creatures might have microchips in their brains, and those microchips make them the ability to communicate with the computer of their craft, and in this case, they could have collective knowledge in their craft. The central computer would have the role, that it connects the nervous systems of those hypothetical humanoids, but the individuals would be like handicapped. 

The hybridization with spacecraft

Or there is a possibility that the evolution in the bodies of those creatures would make their nervous system communicate spontaneously with the wireless data system of their craft. That means that those creatures would be hybridized with their craft. At this moment many of you will say, that the evolution would need a very long time to modify their bodies. But if the journey will take tens of thousands of years that means, that evolution would have the time to make those modifications. 

And there is created a model, that the evolution of that crew would be controlled. In this scenario, the aliens would first travel a long time near their home star, and in that period the controlled evolution would hide the origin, where those creatures would have left for protecting their species. That's why they had to modify their bodies for hiding their origin. But this is only a hypothesis, nothing more or less. Just hypothesis, but the hypothesis is the road to theory, and theory is the road to a practical solution. That means in the future, we might be that alien civilization, what travels in the stars. 

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The advanced measurement methods are causing grey hair to the scientists

The advanced measurement methods are causing grey hair to the scientists

In the world of science is forgotten one of the most interesting things, what we face always in real life. That thing is artificial intelligence, which can be used for handling multiple points in the calculations and observations. The thing is that artificial intelligence can handle billions of variables, and that thing causes conflicts with classical formulas in many areas.

Many of the classic formulas of classic mechanics like Kepler's point have been calculated by using two or three points, and modern computer technology can notice billions of points, and it can also mean that the smallest effective forces can be noticed. This thing means that we must confess, that even the farthest objects affect the particles, which are moving in some trajectories. We cannot meter that effect while the stress to the particle takes about two weeks or even months.

But when the effect continues even thousands of years they can cause the effect, what has mean. And when we are thinking about things like spaceflights, we must remember, that there are many other forces than just gravity, what effects to the trajectory. One thing is the solar wind, which will warm the spacecraft. That thing causes that the small particles are flying away from the craft, and the recoil force would turn it away from the course. That thing affects if the craft is flying tens of years.

Every particle affects other particles in the Universe

Also, the RTG generators, what is used in the space probes would cause that the radioactive particles will push the craft to the trajectory, which is not predicted. That thing can cause minimum errors in the trajectory, what can be measured. In the universe, every particle is in interaction with other particles and that thing causes errors in the calculations. Those errors have no mean in normal life.

But they can be measured. And when we are thinking about the minimum errors in the trajectory of particles like comets, that kind of thing can cause the false alarms of the new planets. The thing is that if the frozen nitrogen is in some part of the asteroid, and there would be the pocket of helium, the radiation can cause the jettison, which would turn the movement of the particle.

The thing is that the old-time scientists were not wrong. That means that the advanced measurement methods have caused the calculations to have turned sharper. The modern supercomputers can also use float decimal numbers, which contains even millions of numbers. That causes the systems to have more accuracy than any scientists in the world.

No human can handle numbers where are thousands of decimals. Or they cannot handle the gravity force of thousands of background stars, what is affecting the particles in every solar system. And that thing is causing the revolution in the world of science.  Computers can connect also the extreme weak variables to the calculations, and that makes them the ultimate tool for research and scientific work.

How to find particles, which are more complicated to find than Higgs boson?

How to find particles, which are more complicated to find than Higgs boson?

Since the quarks have been discovered, scientists have been thought, what would form quarks? Then the physicians found the thing, what is called as "super spring". That means that there was something inside quarks, and that thing would be something, that we cannot even think about. But how we can release those particles from inside the quarks? The finding of the Higgs boson has put the scientists in the front of the thing, that every time, when we are looking for new particle, we must create the new particle accelerators for creating the energy level, what is high enough for releasing the new, small and short life particle from the other particles.

The main problem in those tests, what are made in CERN and other acceleration laboratories on our planet, is that if we would create the system, what will shoot new particles out from other particles, we must always operate in the highest limits of the system, and the main problem in those impacts is that the trajectory, what the particle travels in the accelerator tube must not curve very tight, because if the curve is too tight and the energy level is too high, the particle would impact the wall of the accelerator. The thing that makes it possible to make observations of those short-living particles is the extreme speed, and impact energy, which would make time slowing in those particles, which would connect with other particles very shortly after the impact. And that's why the observation of particles like Higgs boson is very difficult.

Higgs boson was only the gate, which proved that many things are waiting for the finder.

But one of the main problems is the size, what the particle accelerators would need if we would want to find new particles, what might be even more revolutionary than the Higgs boson, what proved that there are many particles, what we cannot even imagine. Even if we cannot see the particle itself, we can see the shadow of the particle, and that shadow is seen in the minimum errors between the behavior of real particles and theoretical particles. And one of those errors is minimum changes in the trajectories of particles when they are traveling in the sensor chamber after the electron has been impacting with positron or proton.

That tells that there are more particles, what is more, difficult to find or confirm than Higgs boson ever could be. And Higgs boson is like the gate to those theoretical particles, which can tell us more about the born of the Universe. If we want to find out even the smallest particles in the Universe, we must make larges and larger particle accelerators, for creating the energy levels, which is making it possible to form the new particles or separate them from the quarks.

The need to make larger and larger particle accelerators has brought one hypothetical thought in the mind of scientists and that is, what we can create the extremely large Van Allen belt, we could form two ion rays or flows, what we can collide with extremely high levels of energy, and there is one thing, what puts limit to that machine, and it is that it must be made to the space. If this enormous accelerator would build on the moon to its equator, that the ring-shaped magnets are put in the line, and the particles are traveling between those rings. There is a possibility, that it would make time moving slower in the moon, which would cause some kind of problems.

But if we would use a series of satellites, in theory, nothing puts limits on the size of the particle accelerator. The virtualization of particle accelerators would make it possible to create extremely large concepts in the field of nuclear physics. In this model the physical form of the particle accelerator by using a series of satellites, which can use magnets to accelerate the flow of ions. In some visions, there would be made virtualized particle accelerator, where series of satellites are accelerating ions between them  to the trajectory between Venus and Mercury, and those satellites can use solar power, and that would make possible to find new particles, what needs more energy than an accelerator, what created Higgs boson ever could create.

Those ions would consist of particles, what have opposite polarity, what keeps the ion ray in the form. And that allows creating the particle accelerator, what can be at the outside of the Oort cloud, and surround the entire solar system. The ion rays would travel in the chain of probably nuclear-powered satellites, which would drive ion rays between them. And in theory, we could make a linear accelerator between Sun and Alpha Centauri by using this technology, but the need for radioactive material and satellites is so large, that this thing would be theory forever. But theories are interesting, and maybe someday we would create massive linear accelerators to space, what length could be thousands of kilometers. They could revolutionize the science, and our way to see how the universe would work.

Graviton: the mysterious dark photon

Graviton: the mysterious dark photon

The name of this text should be, gravity and space. Because here I think gravity and its relationship with space. The reason, why the hypothetical particle, the graviton is fascinating is that gravity is an only force, what has the power to effect light, and the suspected mass of graviton is zero, what allows it to travel with the speed of light. So is the graviton so-called dark photon? And are pure gravitons the dark energy? Those are good questions.

Sometimes some philosophers have introduced the model, where the universe is like a rubber layer. Every particle is making small pit on it, and there is an unproven theoretical model, that particles are bringing that layer closer to something, what we can call as "other layer". Then the force that we can call as "gravity" would forward to space, what we are calling as the space-time continuum or simply the universe.

But what would be behind those imaginational rubber layers? Maybe there is the fourth dimension, space, where the gravity has some kind of unknown form. You must realize that this kind of thought is made by philosophers and theoretical researchers. And that's why they are not proven as right or wrong. So they are just theories.

Gravity is the only force in nature, which doesn't need active maintenance. That means that gravity is a so-called passive force, what pulls particles in the central point of the mass, and that's why gravity always wins, and the particles would be pulled in the central of gravity. And that is a thing, what makes gravity so interesting. So some people are making plans that the gravity would offer us the very effective and pure energy source if we someday will find the way, how we could benefit that thing.

Or actually, we could benefit gravity in the hydropower plants, but that thing doesn't mean that we would have the possibility to benefit gravity itself as the energy source. The thing is that there have been ideas to benefit gravity energy by drilling the hole through the moon, and then put the weight dropping in that hole, and the opposite movement can rotate the generator. In this little bit clumsy solution the mass is connected to the wire and then the system would create energy.

But that thing would not probably mean pure energy. The pure energy or creating gravity energy probably doesn't mean that kind of thing. So why the scientists are so interested in gravity. Because gravity cannot fit any other things in nature, the scientists or at least theoretical scientists are creating an idea that gravity is something bigger and more fascinating than we have even thought. They believe that gravity is a gate to the fifth base force in the universe. That fifth force would be the gate to pure energy.

So what means pure energy? In normal natural forces, the energy is transported from one place to another by the transferring particle. And in some very wild theories, the fifth force would not need the transferring particle for traveling from one place to another. But this kind of pure energy is only theory, and we are seeing only the shadow of the fifth force.

Could the energy travel from one place to another without a transporter particle? That is a very interesting question because that means that the fifth force would travel only in the form of wave movements, and it does mean that the force would be very interesting. That means that the top force would not act as a light in the universe. Other base forces are acting like light, which has particular and waveform.

But the missing particle that could be called "gravitons" could tell that gravity is not a similar force than others. That means that gravitation would have the only the waveform or the particles somehow resonate with other particles, or they are forwarding some other force.

So is the model that the particles are like lay around on the layer, what we can call as the time-space continuum, and those particles would take the layer closer to another layer, where some force is transmitted to every single particle in the universe. That thing would seem like the phenomenon, known as "gravity". But what that force could be, that is a really interesting question. Would we sometime benefit that strange thing? That is what we can probably solve in the future, but maybe we ever find the answer.

The "natural origin" is a really interesting term

The "natural origin" is a really interesting term

When some particle is coming from another solar system, we might realize that the world of science is fascinating in that kind of case, what gives researchers and other scientists collect the chemical data of that kind of objects. And if we would be lucky, the particle would have an origin as the part of the bigger planer, what might be destroyed in the explosion of a supernova or cosmic collision.

This kind of particles can be anyway the most dangerous things in the universe because if there is the water in mineral closure, there is a possibility that the harmful organisms can be released to the Earth if that particle would drop on our planet. There is a possibility that some kind of bugs or bacteria could survive from the explosion, the trip what takes thousands of years and the dropping through the atmosphere.

In this scenario, the core of the asteroid would cover those bacteria, which might be dangerous for us. This is the reason, why we should concern about this kind of things. 

But the thing is that the term "natural origin" would mean many things. If we are thinking that some hypothetical alien would make that kind of system, the thing can be that this kind of systems would not be made for fun. And the problem is that if we would face the case, where some civilization would lose its home planet, it would turn dangerous. In the worst case, this kind of grasshopper-civilizations would conquer other planets and make other species as the slaves. And this is the thing, what might not be actually true.

Because if the civilization would land on some other planet, it would be infected by micro-organisms. In the opinion of wise men, this thing might protect the species of Earth from the invasion of other species somewhere in history. The thing is that if the other civilization would land on the planet Earth it would face trillions of bacteria, and there is a need to use the protective suit, what protects their bodies against viruses and bacteria.

Is there something, what somebody doesn't want to tell about giants?

Is there something, what somebody doesn't want to tell about giants?

The question on the top concerns about things like giant mammals and giant birds, what was dominating earth after the dinosaur era. Sometimes on the Earth is found the remains of the giant monkeys, what is lived after the dinosaur era. Those giant monkeys like a giant sloth were a really interesting stage in the advance of mammals, and those giant mammals and birds were dominating species in the short period before ice ages, and at least the ice ages made an end to those species.

The reason was that those animals didn't get enough food, and also chances of climate made those animals unable to survive. But there are questions, why there are so few articles about those animals? Is there something, what somebody would really want to cover? Were those giants actually the test animals, what were grown in some space laboratories or inside the liquid what stimulates the weak gravity conditions? Or were they the test animals, what were used in the hormone- or genetic experiments, what was hide from the public? And were those tests made for commercial or scientific purposes?

Sometimes I have thought that could those giants be actually the test animals, what were stolen for getting the meat and then buried in some forest for hiding the theft. This could be a very good explanation for some of those giants.  In the water, the individual must use the system what oxygen and deliver nutrient to blood, and that will make possible to grow animals under the water.  And was the lack of Carbon or C-14 explained that the process of growth happened in the environment, where was not C-14 atoms? That means that the C-14 and other carbon could be removed from the space.

Those giant creatures might be individuals, what had the genetic mutation, what caused the gigantism. Also, those individuals might be members of the evolution branch, where is only a couple of individuals. But those giant gorillas or something like that has caused interesting thought, and the next lines are written in "what if spirit". It is meant for thinking about things, how we would handle questions like gravity in the very long space trips.

What if.. we would grow animals in the very weak gravity, how we can improve their muscles?

The idea of them is to think, what would happen if some animal will grow in places like Titan moon. The Giants have been inspired me about this writing, and as you see, don't take everything so serious. In fact, when we are thinking about artificial gravity, we could use centrifuge in the spaceship for creating artificial gravity.

That means that the spacecraft would not need to rotate itself. The centrifuges can install inside it, and the might used to strengthen the muscles and bones in the non-gravitational environment. But this is meant for thinking about things, what can be used in the long term space trips or space laboratories what are orbiting the Earth.

Next part of the text is not meant for too serious

The thing is that if some animal would grow in the weak gravity, that means that those same animals would grow in a very big size. And if some animal would grow in the places like Titan moon, that would increase that animal in very big size. And sometimes we are thinking that those animals would be very weak.

But actually, if the muscle mass would be increased by using the electric body building machine, what is sold on the TV, would that animal get very strong muscles. And if the growers of that animal would use a centrifuge and offer that animal very much calcium, would the bones of that animal be same strong as the normal animal, but the size of those animals would be bigger.