About particles, what is elder than our solar system

About particles, what is elder than our solar system

In the beginning, we must understand that the Sun is not the eldest star in our galaxy, and our galaxy is not probably the eldest of the galaxies in-universe. So when we are thinking about the possibility that the particle that is elder than the Sun has been found on Antarctica, we must realize that the small particles are coming from another solar system all the time. 

Here I mean the grain of sand-sized particles must be most common visitors, and some of them are coming from very long distances. The reality is that the small particles are aways more common than large particles, and that thing means that most visitors in our solar system must be farl smaller that the famous Oamuamua. 

The visitors like Oamuamua and other asteroids are not the most common particles in the Universe, and if the visitor from another solar system would come to our solar system it must have enough energy to win the effect of the solar wind, or otherwise, the particle would be pushed away from our solar system. But because Oamuamua came to our solar system there must be smaller particles, what we cannot see, and what also comes from the long distances. 

So could this type of gran of sand-sized particle drop in the Antarcean, or does it burn in the atmosphere? 

There is no straight answer to that kind of question. We must think the situation that the grain of sand would be covered by the ice layer, which means that this kind of bite of sand can be dropped to the ground, and if that dropping point is Antarctica, that kind of sand bite would contain very important information like minerals from the other solar systems. 

If the stone is elder than the Sun or our solar system, we can try to determine the atomic and isotope structure of the minerals, and also search the possibility to find the remains of cells or other living organisms. And that data can help us to find out, why life has been grown on our planet?

Even if the fossils of bacteria do not exist, the meteorite would tell us about the solar system, which might be destroyed by supernova a long time ago. But also those bacteria or some other organisms might have formed on Earth, and they would be a slip in the void of the rock after it has been dropped on Antarctica.

This kind of thing is a very fascinating opportunity to see what kind of minerals and gasses would be in the other solar systems. But first, we must find the particle, what we can prove come from another solar system, and one of the best proof is that the meteorite, what researchers are observing would contain a certain level of some isotopes. 

If we would have some fossils of the living cells, we could use C-14 or some other radioactive method for making those determinations. But if the bite does not contain organic material the only way to determine the age is to find out the isotope structure of the bite. That structure tells something about the origin of the meteorite. Problem is that those things, that the researchers can find out are directional, and the thing is that we don't know all asteroids in our solar system. 

The moons of planet Mars, Phobos, and Deimos are unique, so-called carbon asteroids. They are opening the eyes of the astronomers, that there could be single asteroids in our solar system, which might be different than others. And there could be more about this kind of carbon-asteroids, which are far smaller than those two asteroids. The relativity of elements can be unique in some asteroids, and when we are thinking about the protons and electrons, those nucleoids or sub-atomic particles are formed during the Big Bang. 

And that thing tells also something, about the conditions, where the particle has been formed. If the materials are containing metals like iron and nickel, that tells that it could be from a similar planet, what Earth is. If that kind of planet has been destructed in the supernova explosion, this means that the planet could have some kind of lifeforms. 

https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/solar-system-formation

Black holes in our solar system

 

Black holes in our solar system

Under this text is a link to an article that is published in the Business Insider magazine. There is writing about the possibility that we have a black hole in our solar system(1).  

There is one very interesting thing Could we have a black hole in our solar system? (2) Could this be possible? When we want to observe black holes, we must realize that we cannot get observations straight from the black hole. We see the disk of material around it, and here I must say, that we see only the radiation, what comes around the black hole. But inside the point, where escaping velocity would across the speed of light we cannot get the observation. 

And that means that we see black holes only when something drops inside them. So if the black hole is orbiting the star in the area, where is not material, that thing would cause that the radiation, what comes from the black hole would be very hard to notice. Or in other scenarios, the material that is dropped in the black hole is pure helium or hydrogen, because the black hole would act similar way with planets, and they will sweep other particles from their trajectory. 

That means that the light particles, that are dropped in the black hole would not send very strong radiation, which is hard to detect from the Earth, because it is sending in the form of X-ray frequency. That weak radiation would be lost in the background radiation. There have been speculations that near our solar system can be the very small black hole, what size would be about basketball. 

But what could form that kind of black hole? The answer would be that the antimatter explosion could form those really small black holes, which can exist about thousands or millions of years. Those periods are extremely short if we are thinking them at the point of view of the ages of stars like the sun. But even if those black holes would vaporize in a short period, that thing will take a very long time, if we compare that thing to the lifetime of a human. 

The vaporization time depends on the things, how much material the black hole can pull inside. And the stars would give the energy to those black holes, which means that the existing time of the small black holes is extremely hard to predict. The vaporization means that sometimes the black holes are losing photons, and what smaller the mass of this supermassive particle goes the loss of photons would increase. 

And sooner or later the black hole has finished its existence. When a black hole is in the space, the black holes cannot get anything to eat, and that means that they cannot get more energy. But if the black hole is near the star, that will feed it with energy, and that kind of thing can increase the lifetime of the black holes, which is extremely small. 

(1)

https://www.businessinsider.com/astrophysicists-found-black-hole-in-solar-system-planet-2019-11?utm_content=buffer194e2&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer&r=US&IR=T

(2)

https://www.livescience.com/tiny-ancient-black-hole-planet-nine.html

Image:

https://www.spaceanswers.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Black-hole-in-Solar-System.jpg

Ozma messages and alien autopsies

Ozma messages and alien autopsies

Could the stars, what selected to targets for Ozma message (1) be too young? That is the key question in that early SETI program (2). The age of Epsilon Eridani (3) is about 400-800 million years, and that means that it is a very young star, the distance to that star is about 10,47 light-years. The age of Tau Ceti (4)is about 5,8 billion years, and it locates 11,9 light-years from Earth, and that means that there is a possibility, that there could be civilization, what is at the same technical level with us, or at least the age of civilization would be the same. 

If we are thinking about the Tau Ceti, that star would be more promising than Epsilon Eridani, if we would look for intelligent lifeforms. But there is no detected civilization, and the skeptics asked are we wait to see the civilization, what has advanced the same way as we? Or is the evolution of the hypothetical planet chosen the same route, what it is chosen on Earth? But there is a strange theory, that somebody wanted that Ozma was failed. 

The selection of Epsilon Eridani for the target to those messages might mean, that there was not even wanted to get answers, or the answer should come from the colony of some interstellar civilization. So the only realistic source for the answer what comes from the endemic and intelligent life forms could come from Tau Ceti. 

If we are thinking about messages like Ozma, we can say that it might be lucky for us, that aliens might not answer. But there is a possibility, that the alien's radiotelescopes just looked another direction when those messages arrived at their stars. Maybe they have observed our solar system in the last year, and noticed, that no messages are coming, and then they have turned their antenna to another direction, and then the Ozma-message was coming.

But there is a possibility that the "Wow!" signal (5) could be the answer. We can say that there might be multiple possibilities, why SETI has been officially failed to see aliens. Search for extraterrestrial intelligence is not the same as making contact with them. 

The Ozma-messages send to the Epsilon Eridani and Tau Ceti in 1963 and the message has reached those stars in the 1970s and the answer would get in the 1980s if the aliens would answer immediately. And that thing is one of the biggest problems with that kind of research. Those stars are mentioned to be too young for the advantage of intelligent lifeforms. 

So the idea of Ozma was probably finding the intelligent alien species and the thing was that we cannot even know was the transmitting power powerful enough that the message could even know at those stars. If those messages were sent in the frequency of the hydrogen alpha emission that thing could be lost because the Sun is acting like some very powerful ECM system, which covers the signal. 

Or maybe we haven't got an answer yet. If we are thinking about an alien civilization, what might be located near Epsilon Eridani that civilization would be the colony? So could that hypothetical colony have even authorization to make contact with other intelligent lifeforms? And if we are thinking about the alien scientists and their officials, would they answer immediately, if they get that kind of message?

 When we are thinking about messages, what might come from another solar system, there is a possibility that the receiver would not even recognize those messages. If the receiver would not separate the signal from the natural radio signals that means it would not even try to open that kind of message, because it would not notice them. Do you think that SETI is a similar program with some kind of "Echelon"? (6) 

In the eavesdrop projects, the operators would even know that the sender of the message is human. And they know that the message existed. In the SETI program, the researchers would not even know, where they must look for those messages, and they don't even know that some radio signals can be a signal, what can be opened and what is sent in purpose. 

The other question is, could we even break the code? If those aliens would send the message to us, there are lots of problems even in this case, where the message is meant for opening. The smallest one would not be the language barrier, because we cannot even know what kind of language those aliens speak. And if the message is meant for internal communication with aliens, that means that it might be encrypted by using quantum computers. So could we break that kind of code?

What if the famous"Alien autopsy" was fake?

In that case, we must ask, why that fake tape was made? Was it covered for hiding the existence of living alien creature? Or was it created for tempting possible aliens to some kind of trap? When that tape was made, there is some kind of reason for that. And there is a possibility that it was made for confusing something, and the attempting was to capture the spacecraft, what might make the most interesting and revolutionary aircraft design possibly.

(1)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Ozma

(2)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence

(3)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Eridani

(4)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_Ceti

(5)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wow!_signal

(6)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHELON

Image:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/CSIRO_ScienceImage_4350_CSIROs_Parkes_Radio_Telescope_with_moon_in_the_background.jpg

If you want to find an alien, you must prepare a long search.

If you want to find an alien, you must prepare a long search.

If we want to find aliens, we must realize that there are many things, what we must consider, before we even can hope to find something, what would seem like even primitive life forms. Finding the habitable planet is a little bit more complicated thing that finding some Jupiter-type worlds, and then calculating the Kepler's radiuses. The thing is that the position to the planet is not everything in the forming of lifeforms. Also, things like molecular nebulas between star and planet affect that thing, and then the thing that might make limits to that phenomenon is that if the solar system is in the straight in the line of the eruption of some magnetar or black hole. 

That kind of thing can cause that the surface of the planet would sterilize immediately. If we are thinking about locked planets the main problem in those words is that the dayside is extremely hot, and then another side is extremely cold. That effect causes horrifying wind, which can melt the entire lithosphere or vaporize the ice.

That effect would cause that the temperature of the planet would be stabilizing, and then the planet forms again and again, when the wind stops to blow when the cloud layer covers the entire planet, and the lithosphere is turning to solid. We must realize that this kind of exoplanets is the most extreme, and this means that they are not common cases in that kind of thing.

So the locked planets might be more kindly than this kind of case, and here we must understand another thing, every exoplanet on the universe is not KELT9b type super hot words. In this kind of case, the extreme words are like bright stars, what are covering more common planets. Human nature is interesting because we want to see extreme, but at the same time, we are forgetting that the habitable planet is like a more common than those extreme words. We can say here that we can compare exoplanets with the sportsmen, and say that every sportsman in the world is not taking part in extreme sports cases. That means that every sportsman in the world is not triathlons. 

But the problem with the habitable planet is that there is not melted iron raining from the skies, and the distance to the central star is bigger than some comet planet, which will shine red and orbits the star in 19 hours. There are not lava lakes and crushing gravity on a habitable planet. And looking at those planets is difficult. When we are looking at the changes in the brightness of the star, we must use a microscope to see those changes. Or otherwise, we must look at the changes of brightness around the star if the planet would not cover the plate of the star. And then we must have time to collect data for seeing those changes. 

If we are thinking about the habitable planet, what orbits the similar star what the Sun is, we must have very much time for collecting that database because the orbiting time would be very long. The things that are disturbing those measurements are interplanetary nebulas, and many other things. The data must analyze very carefully, and probably the finder of that "Earth number" two would be artificial intelligence. 

Anyway those effects to the brightness, what that "New Earth" would cause to the brightness of a sun-type star is small, which means that the data must analyze by using extreme accuracy. And for that operation where the data would be collected would need extremely large telescopes, and reserve them for years for that purpose. Winds are blowing gently, and they don't melt the surface. When we are talking about the Super-Earths, we can ask ourselves one question. Can we say the planet, what has the size of two Earth masses as Super-Earth? 

When we are thinking that kind of cases we must realize, that the planet what has two Earth masses one-kilogram particle would weight two kilograms. And here we are facing one little but also an interesting question. What we can expect, when we are looking for a habitable planet? Can we expect to find the planet, what is exactly like Earth, and should we expect that there is also the United States of America on that particle? 

This means that why we must always think that the aliens would have similar bodies, they would have similar physiology and culture with us. In some cases, we have seen a really interesting thing, and that is maybe aliens would call themselves as aliens, and call their planet by using the name, what we are using in our star catalogs. 

But in fact, those aliens might be far away from us, even if they are looking like humans. When we are thinking about some SciFi movies, we are facing scenes, where aliens are shot by using rifles. The thing is that there is a possibility that the alien, what would live in the rubber suit might be some kind of slime. 

That intelligent slime would stand the normal bullets. Or aliens might have a nervous system and organs, which is different than we have. That means that those aliens would not need to have brains, in the same way, what humans have. Their nervous system would be created by multiple smaller nervous centers, which makes it more permanent against physical strikes than the strikes, than human bodies. 

If we are thinking of the hypothetical slime alien as the body snatcher, we must realize that the alien must not be very big. The thing that it would slip inside the body, and then set in the certain point of human brains between cortex and bottom of the brains, what makes it possible to start to play the brain core. This type of alien would take the body of humans or monkeys and every animal under the control. 

And at the end of this text, I must say that if we would find the alien clone and want to destroy it by using a gun, that thing would not be a very effective method. The thing is that those scientists, who are created that hypothetical thing need only the DNA of that creature and they could create synthetic DNA by using nanotechnology. 

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/astronomers-find-water-on-an-exoplanet-twice-the-size-of-earth/

How to make artificial planet? (In theory, of course)

How to make artificial planet? (In theory, of course)

If mankind would someday create an artificial planet, what would replace the Earth, must there be some very good reason for that. And the reason can be that the Sun is starting to transforming to red giant star. That would be the end of our civilization and life on Earth if we would not move to another planet.

The problem of the suitable planets and particles is that the only planet in our solar system, what would look like Earth is Venus, what is nearer the Sun than Earth. So this planet would not give very much help when the Sun is starting to grow. Of course, there are moons, what has a rocky surface on the solar system, but the problem is that the gravity of those moons is very weak. And they cannot maintain the atmosphere.

For the answer to that problem is introduced that all the surface of the moon would be covered by a giant glass- or metal layer, and people would live in this structure. But if we would want to live in the normal gravity, where mankind has been living all of its existence, and where we have adjusted, we would need brand new Earth, and one thing, what we could do is create brand new Earth for our species.

If we would want to create an artificial planet, we must find interplanetary nebula, which involves the right elements. And then we must bring one heavier particle inside it, and then the gravity would pull the nebula on this particle and the process would take billions of years. 

But there would be another version, what would take a little bit shorter time, and in this version, we must have two interplanetary nebulas, what we would load with the opposite polarity of electricity. Of course, those interplanetary nebulas must be in the right distance, that the electromagnetic forces can pull them together.

Then inside another nebula would be stationed one heavier particle, what would help the creation of that artificial planet, and putting it in the right position. This idea has been taken from the YouTube channel, "what if", and the thing is that this kind of extraordinary ideas have been introduced sometimes before that, and the idea of the artificial planet is very fascinating.

This extremely large project has created the idea from the observation, that the water layer on the planet would make it colder. And then some astronomers calculated, that even planet Earth is not exactly in the living sphere near Sun. But the large water areas on the surface keep our home planet cooler. Also, the cloud layer and the gasses that are found in the atmosphere are important for the temperature of the planet.

And that have given ideas that if we would create the artificial planet, we could adjust its temperature by selecting the mixture of gasses and the area of the water layer on its core. The idea is very futuristic, but the thing is fascinating. Sometimes there has been introduced ideas that the new Earth would be created in the Asteroid belt when the sun is starting to transform into a red giant star and turns brighter. This transformation would cause the burn of life on our planet.

The new Earth would be made by using some big asteroid like Ceres. The asteroid would be covered with big and powerful magnets, and then the rest of the sand of the asteroid belt will be magnetized with the opposite polarity of electricity, what can deliver by using giant radio telescopes. 

In this idea, the asteroid would pull those particles on its surface. Then the water and other things would bring to that planet from Europe moon of Jupiter, and Oort cloud. The consumption of the atmosphere would be adjusting with carbon dioxide and other gasses like ozone that it can maintain life, what is brought from the Earth.

Maybe this thing would save our species and give it more time to move to other stars, but this thing would be far away in the future. But this technology would give the change to the human race to survive after the Sun is turned to the white dwarf and there is the only cold and dark area around it. This is the moment when mankind mus, at last, find a new home.

Everything is relative

Everything is relative

1. Einstein's masterpiece

Theory of relative is the masterpiece of Einstein's idea, that everything is relative. That means that the weight of the particle depends on the place, where the metering is done. And when we are thinking the form of the material, we are facing thing, that the size of a particle means nothing. Also the elements and how thin the material is has matter.

And when we are thinking the extremely thin material, the energy what is stored in there is very high. In the cases, where black holes collide, the releasing energy level is so high, that it is visible from another side of the universe. When we are thinking the material, the neutron star, what is actually one very large neutron can make an entire solar system orbiting it.

2. Other members of solar systems are orbiting the most massive, not biggest object in the system

The neutron star is the particle, which has very powerful gravity, and the entire star is the only size of 20 kilometers, which makes them one of the most extreme particles in the Universe. If we think the cases, where some civilizations would benefit the energy of the neutron star, they could simply put the radio antenna in the jettison of the star. That jettison what is also known as "pulsar", is actually pure electrons, and that means that the radio antenna can transform that thing into electricity.

But let's get back to the solar systems and the question, what orbits what in the systems. The most important thing is that the most massive object is the center, and other objects are orbiting it. That means that actually Sirius A, what is the biggest object in its system orbits Sirius B, what is the white dwarf. And in Cygnus X-1 the big and bright star is orbiting the black hole, what has the physical size less than the atom. And how we can meter the size of a black hole?

We can use the event horizon in that process. The event horizon is the point, where light is starting to drop to the black hole. And what is behind that point? Nobody actually knows that thing. The thing is that there is one place in the Universe, where time is stopped, and that is in the point, where the escape velocity from the black hole is the same as the speed of light. By orbiting the black hole in that dimension, we could actually stop time.

The Titan moon, and its atmosphere

The Titan moon, and its atmosphere

Copyright: Hardy

The Titan moon, and its atmosphere

On the top of this text is the David Hardy's painting of the surface of Titan, and the second image is taken by the Huygens lander from the surface of the Titan moon. The Saturnian giant moon, Titan is the only known particle in our solar system, there are lakes, what is formed by hydrocarbons. The temperature in that moon is very low, 170 degrees Celsius, and that makes possible that this moon, what is a little bit smaller than  Ganymede has the liquid hydrocarbon in the surface.

The gravity field of this moon is weaker than Earth, and the person, who would wight 150 kilograms on Earth would weigh only 10 kilograms on Titan, and that would be very interesting because that thing means that the gravity field is really weak. Titan is actually very famous because if it clouds, and hydrocarbon oceans, what was predicted in the 1970s. The thing what makes Titan very interesting is its atmosphere.

There is a problem with the gas pressure, what is 1,42 ATM

The pressure on the surface of Titan is a problem for the scientists. The hydrocarbon atmosphere causes the pressure on the Titan is very huge, and that is actually 1,42 times higher than on planet Earth. And that means there is something special in this moon. In fact, the atmosphere of that moon should be sucked away by the gravity of the planet Saturn.  The reason is that the weak gravity field should not make this pressure possible. The thing is that Titan should lose its atmosphere to space, and there are more things, what makes this particular moon so interesting.

There are hydrocarbon oceans, as we know, but in 1970s space art, some artists have predicted the form of the surface of that moon very sharply. And there are some interesting questions about that thing. How did that prediction happen? The Titan hydrocarbon water system was found by Cassini in the same year when it sends the Huygens lander to the surface of that mysterious moon.