AI-control robots are a good alternative for manned space projects.

"Artist's impression of the Dragonfly spacecraft flying over the surface of Titan" (Wikipedia, Dragonfly)

The biggest problem with missions to another planet in our solar system is this: flight times to planets are far longer than flight travel to the Moon. The only realistic place where we can travel safely is Mars. On other planets Venus's thick atmosphere causes risks. Of course, it's possible to travel to Venus and land on its highlands. 

But on the lowlands. The risk is that if the astronaut falls and damages the spacesuit the 600-degree temperature kills astronauts. 

The problem is that in a thick atmosphere, even small things like volcanic eruptions can cause very powerful pressure waves that can make astronauts slip. In those scenarios, the astronauts use the space suits or the suits made for blast furnace workers. Those space suits can equipped with HULC-style exoskeletons and the system can filter air from carbon monoxide. 

On Mercury. The sun's particle flow is dangerous. The astronaut who lands on that planet gets very high radiation doses. Mars is the only safe planet inside the asteroid belt. Or it is supposed to be safe. But the carbon dioxide ice pockets under its surface can cause the fall of the surface. And the sand devils the small tornadoes can cause static electricity that damages systems. 

"This artist’s concept depicts a small rover – part of NASA’s CADRE (Cooperative Autonomous Distributed Robotic Exploration) technology demonstration headed for the Moon – on the lunar surface. Motiv Space Systems in Pasadena, California, created the rendering and is collaborating with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory on critical rover and mobility functions. Credit: Motiv Space Systems, edited" (ScitechDaily, NASA’s AI Rovers Are Heading to the Moon to Explore Without Human Control)

There is also the possibility that astronauts dirt the planet and that can deny to detect the possible original lifeforms on that planet. If the shell of the spacecraft or Mars base is damaged it can deliver organic material all around the planet. That thing can cover remnants of past lifeforms like bacteria under them. 

But journeys to Jupiter and Saturn are too long. That takes too much lifetime of astronauts. Maybe there are no places where the manned craft can land. The four big Galilean moon's gravity is weak. There is also volcanic activity on the surface of Io. And other three moons have subsurface oceans. That means it's possible. 

That the landing craft will fall below the ice. Saturn is farther than Jupiter and flight time to that planet is over 5 years. Cassini traveled between Saturn and Earth for 6,7 years. The nuclear chemical rockets can travel that journey in about 2-4 years. But there are not any of them in operation. All atomic rockets are still in some planning stages. 

AI-controlled robots are a safe way to do planetary research. Those drones can fly or travel on the distant planet's or moon's surface. Flying quadcopter drones like NASA's Dragonfly that it sends to Titan moon can also dive in methane oceans and they can also operate in the gas giant's atmosphere. 

The AI-controlled robots can use the same programs as the systems that sort bottles to different lines. Geologists can teach those systems which stones they must pick. 

Those AI-controlled robots. Like AI-controlled Moon rovers are safer than manned spaceflights. They can be used as testbeds for civil and military solutions. The Moon is an excellent place to test programs and systems for Titan missions.  On Earth, those robots can also operate underwater and airborne. 

https://scitechdaily.com/nasas-ai-rovers-are-heading-to-the-moon-to-explore-without-human-control/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)

NASA plans to build the RTG-powered drone, what will operate inside Titan-moon atmosphere

NASA plans to build the RTG-powered drone, what will operate inside Titan-moon atmosphere

Titan moon is a very extraordinary moon in our solar system because it's the thick atmosphere and weak gravity, which makes it really interesting because it should not have that atmosphere. And that would make that moon a very good target for nuclear-powered quadcopter, what can operate in its atmosphere even years.

The thing is that the normal quadcopter can handle that mission, but the problem is the huge distance. That makes impossible to control that drone directly from the Earth. The system that uses artificial intelligence must have very powerful computers, and this makes that kind of mission very difficult to accomplish. The system should have the capacity for independent and autonomous operations.

In some scenarios even more sophisticated and effective systems would follow this Titan probe. Those systems would base the technology, which is created to HAVOC (High Altitude Venus Operational Concept) -program. In this version, the high- altitude airship communicates with the drones, what are flying near the surface of Titan or Venus. The system can use "green energy" and in some scenarios, the system would transmit the electricity to the drone swarm by using maser-transmitters. 

https://sacd.larc.nasa.gov/smab/havoc/

This kind of systems is really difficult to create because there is no time and room for mistakes. And this makes the creation of this kind of systems and especially required computer programs really complicated. In some scenarios, this kind of systems has central component, what would operate as the central processing unit, and the other drones, what is simpler and smaller.

The idea is that those sub-drones can dive in the oceans of Titan and observe the world, what is totally different than our own. In fact in the future to the other planets would send the drone swarms, where simpler drones would create the data network by using modems. The swarm of small quadcopters can cover larger areas than single drones, and the swarm can lose a single drone, and it can still continue the mission.

And in this case, other parts of nuclear-powered drones can wait in high-altitude, and that high-altitude swarm can send the replacement units to the swarm, what operates in low altitude for replacing the destroyed parts of the swarm. Those drones could be similar quadcopters, what is tested in the military areas. They can operate by using small size plutonium-batteries, and they can operate in the atmosphere of other planets a very long time.

https://gizmodo.com/nasa-is-officially-sending-an-aerial-drone-to-titan-and-1835918159

About the PFC scuba-diving system.

About the PFC scuba-diving system.

https://controllingsociety.blogspot.com/

The liquid would not crush the cave in.

If the space probe would fill with liquid, it could dive deeper in the gas planets atmosphere. That means that in the future in our solar system would operate the ball-shaped space probes, what is filled with an electrically insulating liquid like silicone. That system would dive to very high pressure because the liquid would support the ball, what would land to the atmosphere of the giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn.

In fact, there might be many ball-shaped impact probes in that spacecraft, and those systems are using the state of art of the nano-technical solutions and artificial intelligence for completing their mission. But there is one solution about the use of liquids in the high-pressure environment for supporting the craft in the operation.

Do you know where the movie Abyss have been gone? In that movie is one element, what people don't usually know, and that is the PFC respirator, which is also called a liquid respirator. The idea of this system is that the lugs will be filled by using PFC (Poly Fluoride Carbonate), that system can make human dive even to Mariana grave, what is the deepest point on the Earth. In this system the lungs of the diver are filled by the carbonate, what can store very much oxygen, and if the diver would dive deeper or in greater pressure than using the normal scuba diving systems.

That kind of systems can be used in the space flight simulations

In fact, the entire space suit or submarine cabin can be filled by using PFC, which allows the crew to live in the extreme depth, and that kind of environment would allow simulating the conditions in the space. Those astronauts or trainers can operate almost like in the real conditions, what is in the space stations, and the PFC would allow breathing inside that ship without a mask, and the only problem is that the electric buttons might not operate perfectly under the liquid.

PFC system can be used also in the large scale systems, where the entire vehicle would fill with that chemical, which means it can resist very high pressure. When we are thinking about the nature of liquids, what we are learned in the schools, we might remember that the liquid would not droop cave in, because of the pressure, and if the lungs would be filled with that chemical compound, they would stand the very high pressure.

The idea of the PFC respirator is that this system would not need a surgical operation, what the other artificial gills need. The system would separate oxygen from the water by using the chemical method, and connect the oxygen to the PFC, and this system also separates carbon dioxide from that chemical compound. And of course, those systems might circle the PFC in the closed cycle, that means that the diver can be under the sea very long period.

The simpler solution would be the closed cycle respirator.

Closed cycle respirator means the system, which recycles the breathing gas through the carbon filter, that removes the carbon dioxide from the air by reducing the carbon from the carbon dioxide molecule. That kind of systems would recycle air in the scuba diving equipment, but they can also be used in the spacecraft and nuclear submarines.

In fact, the Apollo-13 crew used this system for keeping their air clean, and the system is actually the vacuum cleaner, where is installed the active carbon filter, and the system would suck the air through that machine. There are also tales, that in some diesel-electric submarines would be installed this kind of system, where the exhaust gas would blow through the water for removing the little particles from the exhaust gas, and after that, the active carbon would remove carbon from the carbon monoxide. That would be the principle of the closed cycle diesel system.

Solar sails and nanotechnology would allow making revolutionary probes.

Solar sails and nanotechnology would allow making revolutionary probes.


Solar sails can also operate in the journeys inside the solar system

Solar sails are an interesting idea for the interstellar spacecraft, and if we would use the flexible materials, we might think that the solar sail would be opened at the space like the giant parachute. One of the best materials for this kind of giant solar sails would be mylar, which would be covered by the very thin silver layer, what will make the layer thin, and that denies the ions and gas atoms pass the layer. This makes it more effective.

In fact, solar sails would be effective also in the shorter space trips, where small-sized probes would send to search the gas planets like Uranus and Neptune. The probes what would search the solar system might also use the solar sails, and the extreme large mylar sails might work also like the giant antennas, what would allow the probe to communicate with Earth station from the far distances.

And the giant mylar square can also operate as the radio telescope for the hand lotion can size small probe, what operates in the Kuiper belt. In this case, the probe would record the signals, what is coming from the space, and then it can send them to Earth. During the recording, the probe would be silent, because the other radio transmitting would disturb the signals, what is coming from the distance. The camera can be miniaturized and it might use the small size optics, and the image recognition program will make the usage of that thing more effective.

New probes are very sophisticated 

The probe might be far more sophisticated than some Voyager can ever be. That means it would have sophisticated artificial intelligence, which allows using the systems more effectively than Voyager can use them. The temperature in the Kuiper belt is near zero Kelvin, which makes the computer of that thing more effective than they would be on Earth. Those systems can locate interesting targets independently, and then send the images to Earth, and that giant radio antenna can be used also as the radar, what can be used to make maps and search the objects in the distance. Radars can also see objects, what are hidden under the ice, and that might uncover the secrets of the icy objects.

The mylar is the material, which allows creating very light and large surfaces. The idea of the solar sail is to create a large layer, what will use as the sail, which would allow the spacecraft to leave from the solar system by using solar wind as the accelerator. Squat of this layer or giant sail would be the only couple of atoms or nanometers. The ionized particles, what are coming from the sun can also give energy for that system, where can be even kilometers large, very thin sail, what is made by mylar.

Mylar would allow creating lightweight, but very large layers

The sail can be packed to the capsule, and when the probe is in the space the giant sail would open when the probe would leave the Earth orbiter. That means that those solar sails can shoot to space by using conventional rockets. One of the greatest problems with this sail is that when it would pass the asteroid belt, there could be the holes. The large solar sail can be connected to the nanotechnology, which makes the instrument section very small.

The spacecraft or probe where the instruments are might be made by using the integrated circuit technology, and the size of that probe might be like tin. When we are thinking the use of the solar sails in the probes, what is moving in the solar system, that thing can be very useful for making the time of journey to the gas planets like Uranus and Neptune shorter.