Sooner or later the star destroys all planets from its habitable zone. The star uses all its fuel, and it turns into a red giant. In that period planets in their habitable zone will turn into gas. Outer planets may form some short-period lifeforms. But the end of the star in Nova eruption and turn into a white dwarf will freeze its solar system or remnants of that solar system.
The G-2-type stars like our Sun turn into white dwarfs. The intelligent lifeform must move away from the solar system or try to use energy from white dwarf shooting material like cosmic dust on its surface. In this model, an intelligent lifeform moves to the space stations and then stays home. The thing is that civilization also can move to other solar systems using giant spacecraft. The journey to other solar systems takes generations.
In this model, civilization can reach Kardashev scale 3 when its sun detonates in nove eruption. The thing is that intelligent civilization wants to survive from the ultimate end of its star.
Normally. The term Von Neumann machine means computer. But sometimes. it means computer viruses or self-replicating computer programs. In some scenarios, Von Neumann's (or Von Neumann)-machine means a physical machine that can create physical copies of itself.
One of the threats can be the AI-driven factories and spacecraft that can continue their operations in space when they lose contact with their civilizations. In some visions, the human (or some other) civilization sends giant automatized self-replicating probes called Von Neumann's machines to other solar systems. If those probes lose contact with their manufacturers they can continue their missions.
The AI-driven factory can create new spacecraft even if it's not intelligent at all. The Von Neumann factory can create new copies of itself. And then the system can also create spacecraft that can travel into another solar system.
Then we must realize that things like artificial intelligence might not be intelligent at all. Those algorithms might not have productive thoughts at all. But if those algorithms are programmed to search raw material and breed it into the machine parts and microchips they can create new spacecraft.
Von Neumann's machine is self-replicating. And that kind of machine continues its mission until it gets the order to stop. There is a risk in that kind of probe. The risk is that the probe loses its ability to communicate with its senders. In that case, the self-replicating probe turns out of control. The AI might not realize that the communication is lost because of giant distances. That probe can "think" that there is a problem with its transmission antenna.
And then that system cannot find an error. So it might start to make a copy of itself, where all errors are solved. Those Von Neumann's machines that will not get the mission done signal can act like a virus that copies itself. The Von Neumann machines can be one way to reach a large number of solar systems. When Vomn Neumann's machine travels to another solar system, it replicates itself.
The problem with Von Neumann machines or self-replicating machines is that they will not stop until they get information that their mission is done. If Von Neumann's machine travels in the universe and comes to some other solar system, it can start a self-replication process. In this version, the Von Neumann machine is the system whose mission is to spread to another solar system.
The Von Neumann machine will not stop until its mission is done. And if its senders are destroyed that machine will not get the order to stop. Because nobody answers to its messages, Von Neumann's machine follows orders in that case. The order could be that the Von Neumann machine starts to make copies of itself when it thinks that there is some kind of problem with its communication systems.
https://futurism.com/von-neumann-probe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft
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