There is a couple of things that can explain dark energy. Dark energy is theoretical because nobody gets any kind of contact with that thing. Dark matter is the gravitational effect that dominates the universe. The problem with dark energy models is that universe expands too slowly that it can't match with cosmic inflation theory.
There is a question can dark energy be some kind of "U"-shaped thing, where energy returns to the point where it left? For making that thing real. There is a needed two-layer structure in the superstrings. In that model dark energy is wave movement that forms a structure that looks like an apple.
It looks like the Earth and its magnetic field. The dark energy will travel from the center to the most out shell of that structure. Then it turns inside and surrounds. When the most out shell of that hypothetical energy field touches some particles. It steals their energy and then releases it as wave movement.
Can dark energy be the energy that same time push and pulls the object? That requires that there is a string there is whirl around it. The string is a standing wave movement. And the whirl pumps energy to that string.
The string pushes objects away. And the whirl around that string makes the vacuum or electromagnetic low-pressure around that string. That structure makes it possible. That the same wave movement can push and pull at the same time.
1) Dark energy is forming because of vacuum polarization.
The vacuum polarization means that it also universe could have poles. If the universe itself is a polar entirety. That means it accelerates particles or superstrings. The superstrings that are forming particles can have poles. And that thing means that the polarization of the universe will accelerate them. So the dark energy would be superstrings that are traveling through the universe.
The vacuum polarization forms the case where superstrings or particles start to travel to both poles of the vacuum. And then there are falling other particles or pieces of superstrings. Or wave movement in the middle of that particle starts to travel to the poles of the vacuum. And then another wave movement will replace that wave movement.
Because replacing energy comes from outside. That means a quantum vacuum or polarized quantum will not produce energy from emptiness. It brings energy from the outside.
2) Dark energy forms when the dark matter turns to wave movement.
That model requires that dark matter is a so-called virtual particle. In this model dark matter is quantum whirls that are forming between particles. When those whirls are turned back to wave movement. That thing makes those virtual particles send wave movement to the universe.
3) Third model is that the universe rotates around its center. That requires proving cosmic flow.
In that model, there is a very massive mass center in the middle of the universe. And if all other objects are rotating that object it means centripetal force denies that galaxies will not fall to the center of the universe. That thing is called cosmic flow or "dark flow". And it's still an unproven theory.
But if all particles and objects are traveling in the same direction. That means the universe rotates around one point. And there is a possibility that this model solves the question of why the universe's expansion is too slow. And that helps to fix cosmic inflation theory.
How dark energy rips the universe into pieces, but nobody sees it?
The dark energy theory's origin is in Landau's free energy model. And quantum field theory is used to model it.
"Unlike vacuum energy. which can be deduced only from the formulae of quantum field theory. The cosmological constant can be determined directly by astrophysical experiments. Measurements with the Hubble space telescope and the Planck space mission have yielded close and reliable values for the fundamental physical quantity." (ScitechDaily.com/Physicists Discover a New Approach for Solving the Bizarre Dark Energy Mystery)
"Calculations of dark energy on the basis of quantum field theory, on the other hand, yield results that correspond to a value of the cosmological constant that is up to 10^120 or 10120 times larger – a colossal discrepancy, although in the world view of physicists prevailing today, both values should be equal. The discrepancy found instead is known as the “cosmological constant enigma.” (ScitechDaily.com/Physicists Discover a New Approach for Solving the Bizarre Dark Energy Mystery)
Dark energy is determined as free energy. That is not participating in the system. The problem with modeling that mysterious wave movement is simply dark energy is not interacting. And sometimes researchers ask why or how energy that doesn't interact can rip the universe in pieces.
In that model, the dark energy is quite similar to gravitation. Gravitation interacts with visible and dark matter. So could dark energy be the mysterious "antigravitation"? Because gravitation interacts with dark matter, or otherwise saying mysterious gravitational effect, and visible material.
Some physicists believe that there is a common particle in both versions of the material. But there is a possibility that dark matter is virtual material. In that model darn matter is a quantum whirl that suddenly vanishes. And when that whirl turns to wave movement it sends dark energy.
Sometimes researchers offer dark matter explanations for dark energy. But the problem is that the universe expands too slowly. That means it doesn't fit the model of cosmic inflation. Cosmic inflation offered as proof of the dark energy. But the problem is that theoretical and real models are not fitting.
Dark Energy is a mystery. It's the wave movement. That doesn't react, but that energy rips the universe into pieces. The problem with dark energy models is that universe expands too slowly. And that thing is the reason why dark energy is so hard to model.
Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy until its existence is proven. The expansion of the universe is the thing that makes us believe in dark energy. But the problem is that the theoretical model doesn't match observations.
When the cosmic inflation model was introduced the idea was that the expansion of the universe accelerates. When the distance between the objects increases. The gravitational interaction between them turns weaker. And then, the effect of the dark energy should increase. So dark energy should accelerate the expansion of the universe. But problematic thing is that the expansion is too slow.
https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-discover-a-new-approach-for-solving-the-bizarre-dark-energy-mystery/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_flow
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_fluid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau_theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)
https://visionsofbrightfuture.blogspot.com/
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