Satellites are primary targets in modern warfare.

If somebody wants to make killer satellites or satellite killers. That doesn’t need any fundamental technology. The hostile actor requires only large rockets. And the system that recognizes the satellite. Or if the actor wants to close some orbiters. That actor must shoot metal projectiles like nuts to create artificial Kessler Syndrome. This makes things like North Korea's large missiles dangerous. 

France confirms that it’s planning to shoot satellites directly from the ground by using directed energy weapons. Trump’s Golden Dome will transfer the weapons race into space, claim critics. But the fact is that the weapon race is already in space. Satellites play a vital role in modern warfare. And that’s why those systems are targeted for Anti-Satellite, ASAT systems. All big space countries. Can create some kind of satellite killers. Basically, all satellites can act as satellite killers if they are programmed to collide with other satellites. The first killer satellites were tested in the 1960s. 

The Soviets launched the so-called Istrebitel Sputnikov (IS) program to develop killer satellites. Satellites equipped with “special equipment”, like rockets or detonating warheads. To destroy space targets. In November 1968, 4 years after Polyot 1 and 2 were tested for a potential Satellite intercept, Kosmos 248 was successfully destroyed by Kosmos 252, which came within the 5km 'kill radius' and destroyed Kosmos 248 by detonating its warhead.” (Wikipedia, Istrebitel Sputnikov).

Those satellites were launched using Tsyklon rockets. After that. The Soviets started the Almaz and Polyus programs to develop the killer satellites and space combat stations. Those systems included miniature shuttles, MiG-105 “Spiral”, space rocket launchers, and satellites, equipped with machine guns. Things like FOBS (Fractional Orbital Bombardment Systems) made those space systems very dangerous. This is why the U.S. Air Force created their ASAT weapon. After that, things are miniature satellite carriers are suspected. To operate also as ASAT weapons. The miniature satellite is one of the most capable ASAT systems. The miniature satellite can collide with other satellites. Satellite-killer is not the same thing as an anti-ballistic missile system. 

It can hide in the orbiter and then target other satellites. There are also plans to use giant Mylar bags against satellites. Those bags close satellites inside them. And then the puller satellite pulls those satellites into the atmosphere. The ground-based laser systems. These are tools that can destroy suspected satellites. Russians and Chinese are using lasers to blind reconnaissance satellites. The ground-based laser systems. Those that are on high mountains can destroy low-altitude orbiting satellites. Also, laser weapons. Those that are in high-flying aircraft can be effective ASAT systems. Those high-flying ASAT systems are good targets for the spaceborne kinetic, or directed energy weapons. 

Advanced technology in satellites makes it possible. To create radar satellites. That can observe areas of less than 30 centimeters. Those satellites play a primary role in the Ukraine war. And those satellites can be targets for the extended-range anti-radiation missile systems. The missile finds its target like all other anti-radiation missiles. And the low-orbiter satellites. Like IceEye can be those systems' primary targets. This is why those satellites require an effective self-defense capability. When an incoming ASAT missile is coming to the target, there is no time to react. Those missiles can be shot from fighters, bombers, submarines, and surface battle units. The same systems that defend satellites against incoming ASAT missiles can also destroy other satellites. If some FOBS system opens fire. There is not very much time to react. There are two types of this orbital system. 

The system that drops nuclear bombs to the ground. And another version that detonates over the target area. The FOBS system can use the 15-kiloton 200mm nuclear grenades. Or it can detonate above the target area, causing a powerful EMP pulse. The nuclear weapon that is hidden in the satellite can destroy the entire defense system. And this “GoldenEye” type weapon might not need to be released from the capsule. Those satellites don’t need the heat shield if some other satellite or space shuttle takes them into the cargo bay and returns to base. 

New threats are the so-called orbital trash cans. Those satellites are planned to collect space junk. Like satellites that have finished their career. The system can jam the satellite using an EMP pulse. And then that junk collector hijacks that satellite and returns it to the airbase. That kind of system. Can capture things like IceEye satellites. This means that the space is the new place for combatants. And who controls orbitals controls the world. 

https://www.iceye.com/

https://dailygalaxy.com/2025/10/france-just-confirmed-plans-to-fire-lasers-at-satellites-from-the-ground-or-directly-from-orbit/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessler_syndrome

https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikojan-Gurevit%C5%A1_MiG-105

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istrebitel_Sputnikov

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyus_(spacecraft)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyklon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyklon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyklon-2

The new observation tools can revolutionize atomic-scale observation.

"Caption:This image depicts the radium atom’s pear-shaped nucleus of protons and neutrons in the center, surrounded by a cloud of electrons (yellow), and an electron (yellow ball with arrow)". (InterestingEngineering, MIT’s new method helps probe inside atom’s nucleus using electrons as ‘messengers)

“The team used the environments within molecules as a sort of microscopic particle collider. Scientists have developed a new method that can help them probe inside atom’s nucleus. Developed by researchers at MIT, the method uses the atom’s own electrons as “messengers” within a molecule to help probe inside the nucleus.” (InterestingEngineering, MIT’s new method helps probe inside atom’s nucleus using electrons as ‘messengers)

The radium fluoride molecule can help to analyze an atom’s nucleus. The system uses radium fluoride to transmit energy into the atom’s electron curtain. That curtain sends energy, or wave movement, into the atom’s nucleus. Reflecting radiation creates valleys and hills in the electron curtain. Those hills and valleys tell about the position of protons and neutrons. 

And then. Researchers can analyze atoms. Protons and neutrons. And their position. Every proton in the atom’s core is like a small magnet. And this system can tell why there is more matter than antimatter in the universe. The same system can make it possible. To create new ways to create nanomachines and nanostructures. The biggest advance in this method to analyze atoms is that. This system fits the table. Another advancement is that the system must not have as strong energy fields as previous systems. 

“Illustration of photon-photon scattering in the laboratory. Two green petawatt lasers beams collide at the focus with a third red beam to polarise the quantum vacuum. This allows a fourth blue laser beam to be generated, with a unique direction and colour, which conserves momentum and energy. Credit: Zixin (Lily) Zhang.” (ScitechDaily, Oxford Physicists Simulate Quantum “Light from Darkness” for the First Time)

Previous systems. That included kilometers-long accelerators. They were not very suitable for use in nanotechnology. Those previous systems used so much energy that the weak structures could be destroyed. The radium fluoride system uses radiation. That is lower energy than accelerators, which can disturb the nanotweezers. That could be acoustic or laser beams. Low-energy surveillance system. Will not disturb the process itself. The weakness in this kind of system is in radium. Radium is a very highly radioactive material. It is not possible to produce lots of radium fluoride. In the wrong hands, that material is very dangerous. 

Things like the ability to create light from emptiness are also things that can revolutionize nanotechnology. The synthetic color, or wavelength of the radiation, makes those laser tweezers more stable. The outside effects are not very strong in the cases where the system moves particles in the factory that uses laser tweezers. Nanotechnology can use those things. Into the more advanced ability to connect and disconnect atoms into molecules. The ability to affect a single bond. In chemical compounds is the thing. That can revolutionize nanotechnology. The Oxford method requires very high-power lasers. But someday that technology can turn right. 

If we think about a situation. That energy beam destroys an atom’s nucleus. The magnetic field can pull protons off the particle cloud. And then the remaining particles are neutrons. There is a possibility to accelerate neutrons by bombarding them with laser beams. Or maybe the magnetic fields can make that acceleration if a neutron is in the right position. The neutron has polarity. And that makes it possible to accelerate them using magnetic fields. 

https://interestingengineering.com/science/mits-method-probe-inside-atom-electrons

https://scitechdaily.com/oxford-physicists-simulate-quantum-light-from-darkness-for-the-first-time/

Curvity is the new way to control the drone swarms.

   Curvity is the new way to control the drone swarms. 

"Illustration of robots advancing artificial swarm intelligence inspired by the collective behaviors of birds, fish, and bees."(Rude Baguette, “Curvity Controls Robot Interactions”: Researchers Develop New Framework Allowing Robotic Swarms to Mimic Bird and Fish Group Behaviors)

Drone swarms could be the tool that can make almost everything. The idea is that drones can cooperate and connect their computing capacity when they must make complex decisions. Then the swarm can share missions to individual drones. When we think about robot swarms that can mimic things like bird swarms, those robots must know their position in the swarm. The answer to that question can be curvature or curvity. Rude Baguette tells the next things about curvity. 

“A key innovation of the study is the introduction of a new quantity termed “curvity.” This intrinsic charge-like quality allows a robot to curve in response to external forces, guiding its interactions with fellow robots. Each robot is assigned a positive or negative curvity value, which determines its behavior within the swarm. This innovative approach allows for the collective behavior of the swarm to be controlled, whether it involves flocking, flowing, or clustering.”  (Rude Baguette, “Curvity Controls Robot Interactions”: Researchers Develop New Framework Allowing Robotic Swarms to Mimic Bird and Fish Group Behaviors)

Assistant Professor Stefano Martiniani from New York University emphasized the potential of this approach: “This curvature drives the collective behavior of the swarm, potentially controlling whether the swarm flocks, flows, or clusters.” Such a model transforms the challenge of controlling swarms from complex programming into a material science issue, opening new avenues for research and application.” (Rude Baguette, “Curvity Controls Robot Interactions”: Researchers Develop New Framework Allowing Robotic Swarms to Mimic Bird and Fish Group Behaviors)

Sharing the system into substructures that mimic galactic groups makes it easier to create programs for robots. Each layer or level acts as one robot. 

The system can involve the next type of information. 

“You are a robot of robot group 9. Robots 1 and 2 must be ahead of you. And robot 4 must be on the left side of you. Together, you are Robot Swarm 2, and Swarms 1 must be on your side, and Swarms 3 and 4 must be behind you. Together, your place is in layer 3. That layer must be between layer 2 and 4.” Then the system has other algorithms that tell what to do if one drone is lost. 

The key question is how the robot can determine its position within the swarm. In this case, the modular structure is the solution. There can be multiple data levels, which makes the data structure operate as a mosaic. Or, rather, we can say that the structure mimics the universe. There are individual drones that are galaxies in galactic clusters. Then those drone clusters form a local cluster. Then, local clusters form a super cluster. And then the superclusters form a global cluster. Those clusters are the drone swarms. The ability to share the groups into subgroups makes it easier to program those drones. 

The idea is that the drones can form three or four drone groups. The individual drone knows. What drones are behind it, and what drones are ahead of it? The drone group acts like one drone. And then it must know what drone group is ahead and behind it. Then the drone group must know. Whether it should be above or below some of the other drones. The system can make that quite easily. It can share the drone swarm into layers. And those drones know their own layer. And then they know what drones should be below and what should be above it. Those drones can operate in squares. That can look like randomly changing forms. 

https://www.rudebaguette.com/en/2025/09/curvity-controls-robot-interactions-researchers-develop-new-framework-allowing-robotic-swarms-to-mimic-bird-and-fish-group-behaviors/

Unpredictable actions make human behavior hard to predict.

  Unpredictable actions make human behavior hard to predict. 

"To be, or not to be" 

98% of generative AI projects fail. The reason for that is that researchers try to replace humans. But is this the only thing that causes failures? Another thing that can cause failure is this: people try to use AI for purposes. There, it cannot operate. When we think. About those cases, there is always a possibility that people misunderstand. Things about what they should do. There is a possibility that people try to use AI as a tool that makes something impossible. And one of those things is. To use the AI. To make predictions about economics. 

Economics, psychology, and sociology are not exact sciences like mathematics and physics. The AI can calculate things like the energy levels of particles quite easily. If it knows all quantum fields. And all other things. That interacts with that thing. A psychological effect. Makes it impossible to make predictions about the economic advances. Human behavior is unpredictable. When we go out and say. We go for a walk. For 30 minutes. But we might not do that thing. 

Feelings and imagination are things. That allows us to make unpredictable things. 

We should always react to similar stress in similar ways. But we use only successful ways to respond to the challenges. If we don’t get successful feedback. We change the method. How to respond to the challenge. Every action that we do is a small challenge. When we cross the road, there is always a possibility that a car will hit us. When we walk to the shop, there is always a possibility that we slip on the icy street. That’s why there must be an alternative route. 

There is always a possibility that a burglar breaks into the shop, and the police keep the shop closed. Or the milk car can have an engine failure. Causing a lack of milk in the shop. Most everyday challenges involve a risk of injury. Or even die. If we cannot act right. If we just run to the road. Without caring about anything, there is a possibility that we run straight under the car. 

We can make a U-turn just outside the door and walk back in. We can change our direction for any visible reason. The reason why we make that U-turn could be that we just want to turn around. When a particle turns its direction, there must be some outside reason. The behavior of the particles and radiation is predictable. If we know the entirety. And the thing that makes us unpredictable is feelings. If we feel that we cannot accept something, we don’t do that thing, even if our sense says something else. 

This makes things like economics hard to predict. We should have knowledge of how certain persons react. In certain situations. But the problem is that we cannot know everything that the person faced during their life. And those missing parts can be the most. important things for that person. This is why it’s hard to predict how people react in certain situations. 

One of the reasons why behavior models are failing is that people hide data. Making predictions of the behavior of large groups of humans is much easier. When the group that AI uses grows. That means that the accuracy in the behavior of those people increases. But when we try to predict the behavior of a single person. We must collect all the data of them. We can see from that data how a person reacts to certain situations. If that person faces a similar situation. We can predict when. That person faces a similar situation again. That person will always act in a similar way in all similar situations if the way the person used was successful. 

The thing that makes us unpredictable gives us a big advantage over our competitors. The ability to make unpredictable moves and solutions makes predators hard. To track. And hunt us down. This is the ultimate ability in nature. Abstract thinking is the tool. That gives us the ability to make plans. That gives us the ability to operate unpredictably. 

Solar-powered drones and hypersonic technology are ultimate tools.

  Solar-powered drones and hypersonic technology are ultimate tools. 

"Because Skydwellers are solar-powered, they are green with zero carbon footprint." (Interesting Engineering, Drone with Boeing 747-sized wingspan flies 74 hours non-stop on only solar power)

New solar-powered drones can be far more effective than anyone expected. 

In some scenarios, solar-powered drones can be utilized for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeting purposes. Solar-powered drones can fly far higher than regular, jet-engined drones. If a solar-powered drone is made using stealth materials and uses low-visibility technology. Those systems can fly far above target areas, record radar signals, and observe communication tasks. And other things. Using different types of optical and radar scanners. The drone itself leaves a minimum IR and radar signature, and that system can transmit information about the battlefield to headquarters. 

Controllers can use laser data communication with those systems. The high-flying drone, or pseudo-satellite. Can make a similar mission. With satellites. And the difference is their flexibility. The large-sized drone can also transport rockets and missiles, and it can operate as a flying launching platform for satellite carriers as well as large missiles. 

The high-flying drones can see things. Like hypersonic missile launches, it can give early warning signals to the HQ. The hypersonic missile is one of the most critical things in modern warfare. If the large-sized Intercontinental ballistic missile, ICBM, launches the hypersonic missile. The flight trajectory would be a high-parabolic. 

A winged V-2 /A-4b) rocket is the atmospheric missile’s stem form. The wing’s idea was to give that primitive missile the external range. That missile had the purpose to bomb New York, but its test flights began in spring 1945. Some of them could fly in White Sands, USA, after WWII. 

The missile transports the hypersonic system to a high trajectory, and then the hypersonic missile dives back to the atmosphere and launches its ramjet or scramjet engine. The trajectory makes the hypersonic missile launch quite hard to detect. The launch may seem like a rocket failure. That means hypersonic missiles are tools that are hard for defense.  That’s why those early warning and defense systems require updating. 

There is a possibility that giant ICBM missiles like “Sarmats” can transport those hypersonic missiles to their targets. The system can be based on the technology used in “Brahmos” missiles. The hypersonic missile can replace the upper stage, or stages, in an ICBM. Another version of the hypersonic missiles is the so-called atmospheric missiles. The atmospheric missile is a hypersonic missile. That uses a regular rocket engine to give speed. The missile can have wings and a steering wing. This changes the symmetry in the rocket engine’s exhaust gas. Which turns the missile. The atmospheric missile can have a selectable flight profile. That system can fly like a normal missile. But it can have an atmospheric flight profile. 

http://www.astronautix.com/a/a-4b.html

https://interestingengineering.com/military/drone-boeing-747-sized-wingspan-flies

https://interestingengineering.com/photo-story/us-military-validates-all-electric-drone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AeroVironment_Helios_Prototype

New self-assembly nanotubes turn the impossible possible.

New self-assembly nanotubes turn the impossible possible. 

"The crystal structure of a carbon bilayer. The purple outer layer and blue inner layer each have a similar arrangement of carbon atoms but are rotated relative to each other by just a few degrees. Credit: © 2021 Isobe et al." (ScitechDaily, Moiré Than Meets the Eye: Carbon Nanotubes Self-Assemble Into Complex Structures for Materials Research)

The Moiré pattern allows nanotubes to undergo a self-assembly process. Self-assembling nanostructures are a fundamental thing in nanoscale systems. That makes it possible to create extremely long nanotubes. Those nanotubes can be the fundamental materials in lightweight and strong structures, from extremely tall buildings to very strong aviation materials. 

Nanoscale technology means that. The structure is planned and created at the atomic level. The nanoscale structures are like LEGOs, and they can form larger structures. Nanotube technology makes it possible. To create lightweight and strong structures. In nanotube-based nanostructures, the nanotube bundle is bound together using a graphene layer. That makes the structure strong and lightweight. Those nanotube structures make it possible to create very tall buildings. 

The nanotube structure that graphene binds together. 

Artist’s impression of a space elevator

"A space elevator is conceived as a cable fixed to the equator and reaching into space. A counterweight at the upper end keeps the center of mass well above geostationary orbit level. This produces enough upward centrifugal force from Earth's rotation to fully counter the downward gravity, keeping the cable upright and taut. Climbers carry cargo up and down the cable." (Wikipedia, Space elevator)

Artist’s impression of Ceres space elevator.( Wikipedia commons)

The space sling is one of the versions of the centrifugal launch systems. Or spin launchers. The idea is similar to space elevators. That benefits Earth's rotation. For transport satellites to the orbiter or even to the solar system. The idea is that the probe is connected to a satellite using a very long cable. On the other side is the counterbalance. When the system launches a satellite, the space sling slings that cable.  Where the probe is connected like a sling. When the satellite is separated, the system must also separate the counterbalance that is on the other cable. Or it must roll that cable inside. 

When we think about mega-projects like space elevators, we always think about the mast-shaped structure. That some kind of asteroid keeps up. By benefiting from the centripetal force. The structure can also involve a pressure statue. If the system allows the airflow inside that tower. The air pressure pushes it up. And pressure keeps it in its form. 

 Another way to make that tower is to use the same technology. Used in the Burj Khalifa tower in Dubai. The building requires a large area base, which could be hundreds of kilometers. If the building’s area is large enough, it can be so high that it can reach even the edge of space. The building could be the mega-pyramid that has ever been seen before. 

And anyway, if we think about a kilometer-high launch tower, the rocket will launch through the low-pressure channel, which can save fuel. The rocket will be put in a launch position in the launch tube. Then the hatch at the top of the channel will open. And low pressure pulls the rocket through that channel. But those things are future visions. About systems that can revolutionize space technology. 

https://scitechdaily.com/moire-than-meets-the-eye-carbon-nanotubes-self-assemble-into-complex-structures-for-materials-research/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevator

The key to innovations is positive thinking.

 The key to innovations is positive thinking. 

Above: Burj Khalifa

Yesterday, people celebrated new things. They kept parades for new bridges. They proudly claimed that they built the tallest building on Earth. They made new types of engines. And developed new ideas. For science and technology. In 1950, people believed that we would fly using some kind of flying saucers, and every person had their own nuclear reactor in their yard. And they would have flying cars, etc. There were visions that took people to the Moon. 

Without visions and innovations, we cannot make products for our companies. If we want to make people come to our cities. There must be something that makes our cities interesting. The famous buildings. Like Burj Khalifa in Dubai. Call tourists. And locals think. That tourists leave money in their country. There is a proverb in Dubai. Money is like sand in tourists' hands. And a little bit of it always falls to the banks of the United Arab Emirates. 

The net formed a new way of communication. Those visions brought new ways to communicate. And they brought us new medicines. And many other things. Things like the internet were the biggest advances in history. That made new types of AI possible. The AI is the tool. That makes it possible to create new materials and tools. We are part of the networks. And networks are connecting people together. 

Above: Jeddah Tower

"The Line is a planned city in Saudi Arabia, designed to be a 170 km long, 200 meters wide, and 500 meters high string of skyscrapers with a population density ten times that of Manhattan. However, researchers from the Complexity Science Hub argue that its linear design is inefficient, hindering active mobility and necessitating a high-speed rail system that would still result in longer commutes than in other major cities. Credit: Neom" (ScitechDaily, Saudi Arabia’s “The Line”: Urban Marvel or Nightmare?)

When we think about networking. And working on the internet, we might ask: Why are we members of the networks? Why do species make networks? They share their genetic inheritance. When people make networks. We make them for sharing. And getting new ideas. Those new ideas are things that we can mix with the information that we already have. The networks are thing that gives new ideas to people. 

But if we want to get new innovations. We should think of them. As positive things. If we just find negative things. About those projects, we would not have any innovations. There is a possibility that with a sceptical attitude. We just continue. Using old methods and old tools, and leaving all Burj Khalifas at the theoretical level. That means that somebody will build that thing anyway. The idea of using Burj Khalifa as a marketing tool is this. When people ask, “What is the tallest building on Earth?”. The system gives the name of the building and location. 

Then there are images of Burj Khalifa. The UAE leaders believe that at least 10% of the people who see those images ask, “Would we spend our next holiday in Dubai”? If there are a billion people and 10% will discuss that thing, that means 100 million people will talk about that place to spend their holiday. And if ten percent of those people want to buy their holiday. And spend that in Dubai. It means. One million  visitors will come to see Burj Khalifa. If all of them leave 5 euros, in that building. That brings 5 million Euros in that building’s cash. And of course, those people bring something to other places in Dubai. 

But there is another way to make innovations. And business. That thing is to shame innovations. If the company doesn’t bring something new and interesting to the forefront of people's minds. That means somebody else brings. 

The Burj Khalifa, 828 m, is still the tallest building. However, Saudi Arabia published plans to create a 1000-meter-wide building. Jeddah Tower in Saudi-Arabia will rise to a kilometer.  It will be the tallest building on Earth when it's ready. Another thing that Saudi-Arabia plans is “The Line”. A 170-kilometer-long and 500-meter-high building. The last one will be the city in one house. That structure is feared to cause problems with birds. The Line is also suspected to be used to keep people under control. 

These extremely large houses will also come. To Northern Europe. Those houses can be the next generation living environment, where people will live and work. And have their free time. In the same buildings. When we think about this kind of solution. It would be cheap and effective. At the same time, people lose their last contact with nature. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah_Tower

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Line,_Saudi_Arabia