"The Gateway space station will be humanity’s first space station around the Moon as a vital component of the Artemis missions to return humans to the lunar surface for scientific discovery and chart the path for the first human missions to Mars. Astronauts on Gateway will be the first humans to call deep space home during missions where they will use Gateway to conduct science and prepare for lunar surface missions. Credit: NASA, Alberto Bertolin, Bradley Reynolds" (ScitechDaily, A New Era of Science on the Lunar Gateway Space Station)
The Gateway Space Station will be the first space station on the Moon orbiter. These space station missions are vital for "Artemis" and the future Mars missions. This space station will collect data about solar activity. And also it collects data for the Mars flight.
The slingshot system would be a good tool to send capsules back to Earth from the Moon. That method gives solutions for problems of how to send fuel to the Moon.
The Moon-orbiting space station can send samples to Earth using a sling. The centrifugal sling that did not work on Earth could work perfectly on the Moon or at the Moon orbiter stations. In the station version, the electric engine will put the long string to spin like a whip.
And in the right moment, the computer opens the hook. That will send samples to Earth. Centrifugal launchers could be suitable systems also on the Moon. That kind of launcher does not need fuel. And the Moon's low gravity. And lack of atmosphere makes it possible to shoot modules to Earth easily without big risk.
The company called SpinLaunch is working with those launchers. The spin launch system is suitable for launching small rockets to low orbiters. The same system can used with long-range artillery. The spin accelerators can accelerate things like smart grenades to long-range.
"An expanded view of the Block IB configuration of NASA’s Space Launch System rocket, including the four RL10 engines. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Upgraded SLS Mega Rocket Design for Next-Gen Moon Missions)
Another thing that Artemis requires is massive and powerful rockets. SLS space launch systems and Space X's Starship shuttle will be tools that carry instruments to the Moon. The Moonbase itself will be an interesting tool for space research. If The Mars craft uses nuclear thermal propulsion, that means the system can be a nuclear-chemical system where a nuclear reactor warms the propellant.
Things like pulsed plasma and ion systems are one version of the electrostatic engines. The small and powerful reactors require highly enriched, highly radioactive fuel. That famous microwave engine is a system where microwaves heat the propellant like liquid hydrogen. Those systems will be more powerful than any chemical rocket in the world.
But the problem is the radioactive material that those systems require can cause large-area containment if something goes wrong when the craft flies out from the atmosphere. This is the reason why nuclear elements will load into a reactor at the Moon orbiter. In that case, the nuclear engine will start on the Moon orbiter. The engine starts on the dark side of the Moon. Moon gravity will pull the radioactive debris to the Moon.
https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-3rd-test-flight-date
https://scitechdaily.com/a-new-era-of-science-on-the-lunar-gateway-space-station/
https://scitechdaily.com/nasas-upgraded-sls-mega-rocket-design-for-next-gen-moon-missions/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpinLaunch
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