The future of interstellar spacecraft.

  

The future of interstellar spacecraft. 

The interstellar spacecraft might not come to practice very soon. But the fact is that theoretical research. Along with careful missions is opening the road to the interstellar journey. And maybe the time of that mission will come in 200-300 years. The fact is that nobody knows when we are ready to travel to the other solar system. When we remember history many things have been "impossible".  

The Chinese knew how to make gunpowder rockets in the 200s(1). And the Russian Konstantin Tsiolkovsky(2)(1857-1935) created theoretical research with rocketry and spaceflight in the 19th century. The thing is that things like interplanetary spaceflights. And space elevators(3) are also invented by Konstantin Tsilkovsky. 

Image 2: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935)

That man is called "the Father of the spaceflight". Tsiolkovsky also created research and articles about "lighter than air aviation". There was a rumor that Tsiolkovsky created an idea to use the hydrogen balloon or high-flying airship to carry space rockets to the high altitude. And then launch that rocket to the orbiter or sub-orbiting trajectory. 

The hydrogen balloon can lift the rocket to an altitude of 30 kilometers. And that thing could make it possible to launch smaller rockets to the orbiter. But for some reason, that plan remained at the theoretical level. And that reason could be bureaucracy. 

The thing is that technology advances all the time. And maybe the advancing of technology is faster than we think. The thing is that the first interstellar mission might become reality sooner than we expect. The thing is that the theory is the first step for making dreams real. And modern scientists have more advanced tools and experience than Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. 

But there are many things. What that man invented and what remains at the theoretical level. One of his greatest ideas is the space elevator. That giant structure that uses the centripetal force of the Earth is ever created in practice.  

Image 3: The Daedalus and Saturn V comparison

The British Interplanetary Society. And theoretical Project Daedalus(3) and its improvements. 

There are a couple of theoretical concepts for interstellar spacecraft. All of those concepts are probes. And the carefully made steps will open the road for successful manned interstellar missions far away in the future. But the first interstellar concepts would be more primitive than some SciFi spacecraft that travels across the galaxy in a couple of weeks. 

In the 1970s the British interplanetary society created Daedalus. Theoretical spacecraft. That could travel to Barnard's star. Daedalus planned to use thermonuclear detonations for reaching that distant star. In the updated version the Daedalus uses antimatter. 

When Daedalus closes the objective of its mission. That craft will create antimatter by using an antimatter generator. The antimatter would be created by benefiting the solar wind which impacts the gold leaf. That thing turns those particles into antimatter. That thing makes it possible that Daedalus II could bring samples from the solar system where it visits. 

NASA has created an idea of "Project Longshot" (4) which is quite similar to Daedalus. As I earlier wrote the both of those theoretical crafts are unmanned. So there are no worries about the lifetime of astronauts. But of course, there is the possibility that the theoretical interstellar probe is forgotten if there is some kind of other problems on Earth.  But the time of that craft will be far away in the future. 

(1)http://en.chinaculture.org/created/2005-07/21/content_70826.htm

(2)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky

(3)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevator

(4)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Daedalus

(5)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Longshot

Image 1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky

Image 2: Pinterest

https://interestandinnovation.blogspot.com/

The internet has been made many things safer. But it's a dangerous place.

Students are told not to use Wikipedia in research, but it's trustworthy. Says the article in "The Conversation". The link to the article is here. But you can see the URL below this text. 

The prohibition of using Wikipedia as a source for research is one of the most interesting questions in the studies. In normal cases the Wikipedia is trustworthy. And some people are saying that the purpose of that prohibition is to make work more difficult than it is. 

The thing is that Wikipedia is trustworthy in the cases like computing and natural sciences. But there are also problems with the things like selecting sources for the works in the modern world. Things like books are good sources if they are confirmed. But the fact is that during the time of the internet the printed information might be old. 

When books are coming to bookstores they might handle the old-fashion information. And that thing is visible in the most intensive areas like computing. The things that people are used to doing might turn old-fashion in a very short period. The fast advantages in the programming architecture and operating systems are making some well-known methods old-fashion. 

Let's take one example. In the past, data security was the area, where only a couple of operators worked. Their mission was to deny the hacking. And in old good times, hackers just called the phone calls. But today the fixed data connections are making the internet more secure. 

If we are taking the point of view from the coding and programs. The firewalls are blocking the normal malicious code like echoing the formatting command from operating systems. The artificial intelligence-based firewalls are searching the source code of the data packages. 

But the risks are turned to social media. People can share data that should not share. Things like images of firearms and memberships of the shooting clubs can cause burglaries because criminals want that kind of stuff. And also things like papers that are forgotten to table and where is passwords can cause problems for data security. If criminals are zooming those images. 

They can get the passwords for the targeted systems. Also, things like hidden surveillance cameras can uncover data from the screens. One of the examples of that kind of thing is uncovering the Russian "Status-6" "Kanyon" torpedo with 100 mt. warhead. The papers that were visible on the camera allowed western actors to isolate the diagrams of that system by using the zoom of the graphics program. 

When the organization faces data crime the first thing is to report that to authorities. And of course, that report can also give to the media. That allows that all people know that there was a security leak. And they know how to handle the situation. And when the data security has been broken or dangered. That thing should cause discussions about the topics: "what should we do otherwise that this would not happen again". 

That kind of thing is called physical hacking. The workers should dare to report the people who are asking strange questions. Or bar evenings where the "film is cut". That thing can tell that somebody is trying to steal data from the system by asking for passwords. And also family members should tell if they get strange phone calls or somebody asks about things like when parents are at work. 

The mainframe of the hacking is turning to social hacking. In the worst-case criminals are taking hostages for blackmailing key persons.  The hacker would send the probe like E-mail or text message for asking passwords. That means the mobile telephone or the captured Email of the boss would open the road to the system. 

Or otherwise, hackers might try to cheat or blackmail people give passwords and access to the system. One version is to stun a person by using chloroform. And then the Sodium Amytal would force the person to give passwords. 

In another version, the data criminals use the zombie poison (Tetrodotoxin) to order their victims to transfer money to their accounts.  The thing in data security is the "open attitude". If something is tried to affect the person that person should dare to tell that thing. If the hackers are stolen data the first action is to confess that thing. Hiding the information-stealing is the worst thing, that people can do. 

https://theconversation.com/students-are-told-not-to-use-wikipedia-for-research-but-its-a-trustworthy-source-168834

https://networkedinternet.blogspot.com/

Photocatalysis: the proton transfer between titania surface and dye observed

"When the titania and the dye adsorbed on its surface are irradiated with a femtosecond pulsed laser proton transfer from the dye molecules to the titania surface, the fluorescence of the deprotonated dye is observed. Credit: Reprinted with permission from J. Phys. Chem. C, 2021, 125, 40. 21803-22396 (Supplementary Cover). Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society."(https://scitechdaily.com/photocatalysis-evaluation-proton-transfer-between-titania-surface-and-dye-observed/)

Today there was an article in the SciTech Daily about the protonic interaction between the titania layer and dye offered to make the new type of solar panels. In image two is the diagram of that kind of interaction. The thing is that increasing the number of protons on the layer. That thing increases the electronegativity of the layer. And that thing increases the flow of electrons. 

But the proton interaction offers to make many other things than just create electricity. Increasing the electronegativity would increase the speed of electrons when they hit the anode. And that thing makes some electric systems more powerful. This kind of system is making it possible to create a new type of switch for miniature microchips.

X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X

The description of the proton-titania interaction from ScitechDaily goes like this: 

"When the titania surface and the dye adsorbed on its surface are irradiated with ultraviolet light. The proton transfer occurs from the excited states of the dye molecules to the titania surface where basic hydroxyl groups are generated". 

"And fluorescence is observed from the excited states of the deprotonated dye. Credit: Reprinted with permission from J. Phys. Chem. C, 2021, 125, 40. 21958–21963. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society". (Image and text Source: https://scitechdaily.com/photocatalysis-evaluation-proton-transfer-between-titania-surface-and-dye-observed/

X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X

That phenomenon can use to control nanomachines.

The interaction between the titania layer and protons happens by using the fluorescence molecule. The radiation from the fluorescence molecules is pushing protons from the other molecule to the titania layer. And that thing allows creating the new type of remote controllers that can use to control nanomachines. All fluorescence is not happening by the UV light. That effect is possible with all wavelengths of the spectrum. And by benefiting from many EM wavelengths is possible to make the new multi-channel remote-control system that can use in the nanomachines and electric components. 

When we are thinking about the system that controls some nanomachines the fluorescence molecules are the perfect tools for delivering signals for the control systems. When the machine would want to turn let's say to right the system can use fluorescence molecule that reacts to infrared light. 

And when the nanorobot wanted to turn left the system might use a fluorescence molecule that reacts to the UV light. The fluorescence molecule will send the radiation to the photovoltaic cells that are inducting the electricity to the control system of the nanomachines. 

If we want to make a nano-submarine that can travel in the human body we need four types of fluorescence molecules. And those molecules must react to different wavelengths of radiation. Four molecules with different wavelengths allow to turn submarine to four directions. Left, right, up, and down. And the system can be controlled by catheter where are the UV and other light LED:s. 

The electric power for the submarine can deliver by using radio waves. Also, other types of equipment can control by using light and fluorescence molecules. That system can use to deliver medicines to the right point of the body. Or that kind of submarine can drill the blood veins open in the cases of blockages. 

Sources:

https://scitechdaily.com/photocatalysis-evaluation-proton-transfer-between-titania-surface-and-dye-observed/

https://interestandinnovation.blogspot.com/

Fusion power is far away in the future.

Image: Pinterest

Originally, the image above this text portrayed a donut-shaped space station called "Stanford torus". But it can also portray the donut-shaped power satellite, that uses the "Tokamak-type" nuclear reactor. This type of power station could deliver energy to the futuristic space stations that orbit Jupiter and other planets in the distant future. 

The power satellites or zero-gravity conditions can solve some of the problems of the fusion reactor. The zero-gravity conditions are making it easier to control the high-energetic plasma. That orbits in the donut-shaped reactor. 

At the beginning of this text, I must write about one of the most futuristic solutions for energy production. That thing is the energy satellites. The giant power stations that are orbiting Earth and deliver energy to the ground by using radio, laser rays, or targeted microwaves. The problem with those satellites is that they are easy to turn to weapons. And powerful microwaves or laser rays can turn the city to ash. 

Another problem with that kind of power station is that their size is extremely big. If we want to make the solar-power satellites that are delivering energy to the entire Earth. The size of the solar panels would be enormous. Of course, there would be a large group of those satellites but the project would be enormous. 

The power satellites can equip with a fusion reactor. That thing can position far away from Earth and in the case of accidents that don't danger things on earth. The fusion system requires large wings. Ahat can shine the thermal radiation to the space. Also, if the power satellites are equipped also with solar panels that thing can also use solar energy. 

Originally the idea of the orbiting nuclear power plants introduces to use of fission reactors. The idea was that nuclear power plants are orbiting the moon, and in the case of accidents the radioactive debris would drop to the moon. 

There is introduced an idea to make the hybrid system, where the microbes are producing methane.  The orbiting power stations don't always need nuclear reactors. Also, conventional fuels can use. 

Methane is useful for the turbines that are in those satellites. That methane production system was originally made for Mars crafts and Mars stations. But it can use also in orbiting power stations. And the hybrid system where the solar power can connect with methane turbines or fuel cells can make those satellites smaller. 

The idea of the system can base the idea that the exhaust gases will travel through filters where oxygen is separated and reused in the methane burning system. That kind of system can also use at asteroid belts and deep space missions. 

https://scitechdaily.com/using-microbes-to-make-martian-rocket-biofuel-on-mars/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-based_solar_power

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_torus

The problem with fusion energy is the intensive heat. 

In the fusion system, the temperature is billions of degrees of celsius. That means controlling that system is extremely difficult. There is the possibility. In the case of problems, the control system doesn't have enough time to cut the fuel transfer in the system. And that can cause an explosion. Also if the plasma with billions of celsius would be released in nature that thing can destroy large areas around that leak. 

In the fusion reactors, the high-temperature plasma is hovering in the donut-shaped chamber where the magnetic field is pushing it away from the walls. And even a short-term touch with the wall of the chamber can cause that the plasma will impact with air. The temperature of that plasma is higher than in the nucleus of the sun. 

And that means it's extremely dangerous even without radioactive radiation. The thermal impact would be destructive. There is the possibility that the infrared radiation from the plasma is pushed back by using counter-radiation. But those systems are extremely futuristic. 

https://www.sciencefocus.com/future-technology/fusion-power-future/

Image:https://interestingengineering.com/the-tokamak-reactors-and-how-they-influence-nuclear-fusion

https://visionsofbrightfuture.blogspot.com/

The mixed reality is a powerful tool for many things.

The idea of mixed reality is that this kind of system can combine the real world with VR (Virtual Reality). The simplest idea is to make the robot that sends things what it senses to the controller. The robot's eyes would be the camera systems that are connected remotely to the VR glasses. 

The ears of the robot are microphones. And they are sending data to the gamer's headset. The touch sense is the pressure detector that sends the feel of touch to the data gloves. Then the operator can interact with the physical robot.

And that thing allows making safely many things that are very risky for the people. If we are thinking about the cases like nuclear accidents. And sadly battlefields those robots can use many types of communication systems. If the robot is inside the powerful electromagnetic field that can close the radio communication it can change to use laser-led for sharing data. 

There are many types of interfaces that allow robots to operate very effectively. Those systems might be all-time interactive. That system requires non-stop guiding. But there are also learning systems that are making it possible to teach things to robots. In that process, the operators can use the virtual characters. That means the system would look like a computer game. 

Those kinds of systems are things that are recording the actions that the operators are doing. When the operator is made the action the system asks if the operator is satisfied. And of person is satisfied that thing stores those movements and other actions in the system's database.  

The things that are stored in the computer's database determine the skills of the machine. The speech-to-text applications which can dump those texts to the database or interface allow giving spoken orders to the robots. The database can make by using computer-game-type applications. And then the actions that are stored in the database by using the virtual character can download to the robot. 

So the operator can create the necessary action series to the database and then give the name for that action. That word can be "rescue" or "attack". Then the operator can simply give orders to the robot by using the name of that database. If something is forgotten from the action series. Or there is no match in the database for a certain situation. The operator can change to use intensive control like datagloves and joystick. 

https://scitechdaily.com/upgrading-the-space-stations-cold-atom-physics-laboratory-with-mixed-reality/

https://visionsofbrightfuture.blogspot.com/

Could a hypothetical quark star be invisible?

There is the possibility that there are so-called "stealth stars" in the universe

The hypothetical quark star is one of the "should be" objects. But there is no single observation of that type of star. Theoretically, quark stars are the medium between neutron stars and black holes. But why we cannot see that thing? 

Could the reflection that comes from free quarks have a wavelength that we cannot observe? The free quarks will send the radiation that has so short wavelength that we cannot observe that radiation because we have no object that resonates with that thing.

What if radiation comes straight from the surface of quarks? Normally the radiation comes from the quantum fields of atoms or protons and neutrons. But if there are free quarks somewhere in the universe, those quarks would send radiation that has so short wavelength that we cannot see that thing. So does that thing explain, why we have no observations about the hypothetical quark stars? Are those objects sending wavelength that is invisible to us?

Could dark energy mean the radiation that comes straight from the surface of quarks? If naked quarks are sending the radiation. That radiation has a wavelength that is shorter than any other radiation. Normally quarks are in the protons and neutrons. And those objects are sending radiation from their quantum fields. 

But there is the case where the quarks might be free. That case is the quark star. There is the possibility that the quark stars are invisible to us because in those cases the quarks are sending radiation in the wavelength that is the size of quarks. 

The thing that might cause the forming of a stealth star is the case, where the reflection is coming back in the form of a wavelength that is impossible to see. So maybe so-called quark stars have small bubbles of quarks on their surface that make them invisible to the eye.

In that case, the reflection happens with a wavelength that is coming from the frequency of quarks. When radiation hits the quarks they are sending echo as the wavelength that is the same. As the size of those subatomic particles. In normal cases, quarks are in the protons and neutrons. And we can see things like neutron stars. 

The reflection from the neutron stars is coming as the wavelength that is the same as the size of neutrons. But in quark star the quarks are naked. They are without the quantum field and give the reflection as the pure quarks. In a neutron star, the radiation reflection comes from quantum fields that surround neutrons. So if naked quarks are giving reflection or sending radiation that means the wavelength of that radiation would be far shorter than radiation that comes from neutrons. 

The question of planet 9 is causing an interesting theorem. Could that mysterious object that causes the strange gravitational effect to the trajectory of planet Neptune be the fermion or rather saying quark star. 

There is the possibility that the quark stars are invisible because the quarks are sending radiation reflection in a wavelength that is impossible to notice. There is the possibility that quark stars are not smooth. In some theories, the quarks are making the small hills or small bubbles in the surface of the quark stars. And that thing means that the reflection from that surface is coming from an extremely short wavelength. 

There is the possibility that there are so-called "stealth stars" in the universe. In some ideas, extremely heavy objects can surround by the whirl of electrons. Which are pushing photons away from the surface. In some other visions, the halo that is caused by reflecting radiation around quark stars can eliminate the reflection. In that case, the star reflects 100% of radiation in the same direction where that incoming wave movement is coming. 

And in this case, the counter radiation of the object will delete the incoming radiation. So in this idea, the object acts like an active jammer system that denies the echo of the radiation. When the incoming and reflecting radiation with the same wavelengths hit together they are neutralizing each other. 

https://physicsworld.com/a/calculations-point-to-massive-quark-stars/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_star

Image:https://physicsworld.com/a/calculations-point-to-massive-quark-stars/

https://thoughtandmachines.blogspot.com/

The man behind quantum physics Max Planck

Max Planck (1858-1947)

German scientist and the father of quantum mechanics Max Planck (1858-1947). In Finnish Wikipedia is claiming that he was baptized as  "Marx".  (2)But he used the name "Max" all his life. But history knows that man as Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck. 

It is suspicious that the name "Marx" was the trick. Which mission was to deny the Nazis to make contact with that man. And the thing is that this man lived an unhappy life because all his children died before him. So the life of that man was not very happy. 

His first son and the only child saw adulthood executed by Gestapo in 1945. Because he was involved in the  July 20 conspiracy against Adolph Hitler. Another interesting detail in this man's life was that his home was destroyed by an allied air raid in 1944. 

The notes of that remarkable man were also destroyed in that incident.  Max Planck died at the age of 89 in the year 1947. And there is no physical merchandise that proved to belong to that man. So there is hard to get DNA analysis of the cells of Max Planck and by using that data could be possible to track the descendants of that family. In Germany, there is a "Max Planck institute that carries the name of that man who invented quantum theory. 

(1)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck

(2)https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck

Planck and the theorem of the black ball

The idea of a black hole has the origin of the black ball theorem. What if the object absorbs all energy and wave movement that impacts it? The energy level of the black ball rises until the energy will break out from the ball. The idea is that when the energy level of objects is increasing. The oscillation in particles that are forming the ball is increasing. The power of the quantum fields around them is rising higher and higher. 

Until the expanding quantum field of those particles pushes particles. And they will fly out of the structure. If that thing will not happen the weight of the particles is rising and then sooner or later the particle will turn into a black hole. When the weight of the particles is rising high enough it drops out from the universe forming the black hole. 

The Planck's mirror ball

If there is a ball whose inner layer will have 100% reflection and researchers conduct light. That thing increases the energy level in the ball. If the ball cannot conduct energy somewhere. That thing causes destruction. 

If the layer would not absorb energy or photons the level of the energy rises in the ball. The rising energy will push the layers of the ball outside. And then that thing causes the explosion. The fact is that the level of energy cannot rise forever. Or the structure of the ball will be destroyed or there is forming the black hole inside the ball. 

https://visionsofbrightfuture.blogspot.com/