Sunday, April 19, 2026

Six clicks separate people from each other.



“A long-observed social phenomenon suggests that people across the globe are separated by surprisingly few connections. Credit: Stock” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Prove There Are Just Six Degrees of Separation in a Social Network)

“In a networked world, we are about six steps away from another individual. In the world of the Internet. That means six clicks separate us from any person who uses the internet. This is one of the most incredible ideas. The idea dates back to 1967. Harvard psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment. He sent letters to random people and then asked them to send those letters to their closest friends. This is a classic chain letter experiment. And of course, Milgram asked. People. Those who participated in that network test wrote their names on that paper. The idea was that Milgram wanted to know how far a random person was from Milgram. Most of those letters never return. But in letters. Those that returned were about five to six names. Before they returned to the hand of Milgram. 

This means that there are approximately six people between members of the same network. This causes an interesting thing about networks. People can be members of the same networks. But they ever. Head of each other. And this causes. The situation that we all know. Some people might say that somebody. That person knows, knows that third-party person, or knows somebody who has that name. Those people don’t necessarily know the person. But they know the name. 




“Milgram concluded from his small-world experiments that any two random people in the United States would be linked by a chain of (on average) six steps.” (Wikipedia, Small-world experiment)

In that image, the balls are people who are not involved in the chain. But those people transmit information to their own networks. The same models are used to track the origins of the epidemics. Or, those models can also be used. To track. Things like drug dealers. When some outside actor transfers information into their own networks. That causes a situation where information spreads to global networks. 

“The small-world experiment comprised several experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram and other researchers examining the average path length for social networks of people in the United States. The research was groundbreaking in that it suggested that human society is a small-world-type network characterized by short path lengths. The experiments are often associated with the phrase "six degrees of separation", although Milgram did not use this term himself.  (Wikipedia, Small-world experiment)

But then. We can think. About the networks and their problem. When we think that we all have two or three good friends, we must understand. A couple of things. In information networks, “friend” is not necessarily. The individual person. The friend is the thing. There, we share information. We all have more than just two relationships. If we think that we are three actors, who tell everything to each other. We forget. We can think that humans have two hands. They might all have two connections. Those two close friends are only one connection. And then we have the connection. None of our three people ring knows. When we share information with those outsiders that causes a situation, that information starts to spread in the network. 

Things like married people can use or look at each other’s Facebook accounts. The “Friend” can also be some group. Like a soccer team discussion forum. If we have two trusted fiends in the information network, we often forget that those fiends also have two trusted friends. But there is a possibility that those people or groups. That we think of as “fiend”. Might not know each other. So we might know those two people. But maybe one or both know some third-party member. This third-party member. Is the thing. That causes information to spread through the network. In the networked world. We don’t know. Who really is the person we see on the net? People can claim. That they are even the Secretary General of the U.N. 

The model. That. Between every user of the net. Cause interesting thoughts. Six clicks. Separate us from the biggest chiefs in the business world. Six clicks separate us from a serial killer. And six clicks separate us from secret agents and drug dealers. This means. That the secret agent, the biggest boss, the serial killer, and the drug dealer. They are always part of our networks. This causes an interesting thought. 



https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-prove-there-are-just-six-degrees-of-separation-in-a-social-network/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-world_experiment


 

Thursday, April 16, 2026

Quantum dot-based technology can be a new tool against stealth technology.

 

“Artistic rendering of scanning-exciton optical nanoscopy (SEON) showing correlative dual-parameter mapping of light-field intensity and local density of optical states (LDOS) on a single gold nanoparticle (right), a plasmonic trimer consisting of three nearly-touching gold nanoparticles (left), and a waveguide-interfaced photonic crystal nanocavity (middle). The light-field intensity and LDOS distributions are shown in red and blue colormaps, respectively. Credit: Xue-Wen Chen et al.” (ScitechDaily,Scientists Break Optical Limits With Quantum Dot-Powered Nanoscopy)

Quantum radar. It can be two-layer graphene. The system puts quantum entanglement between particles that are locked in those squares. The system should use particle pairs. In transmitting particle pairs. The outer particle is at a lower energy level. That particle transmits signals. And in receiving a particle pair, the outer particle is in the lower energy size, which allows it to transport information into the system. That kind of quantum dot-based technology can break the stealth material. In that system, the frame spins, and that makes it possible to create. The scanning Doppler radar.  

In some other versions, the system uses a cut nanotube. The nanotube forms the crown-shaped structure. And in the middle of the nanotube is the antenna that transmits. The nanotube spins around that antenna. And that allows it to create the nanotechnical Doppler radar. The main problem. With Doppler radars. The antenna must move. 

So. That it can work right. The reason for that is this. The same antenna cannot transmit. And receive at the same time. The moving antenna makes it possible. That. The angle of the receiving antenna changes. This makes it possible. To determine the location of the point where signals reflect. Normally, the radar has a light parabolic shape, which makes it possible to determine the distance to objects. Another version. It is easier to use the change of frequency when the object comes straight to the radar. 





“DTU researchers have invented a nanolaser constructed in a semiconductor membrane that causes electrons and light to gather in a small area (blue shadow). By using light instead of electrical signals on microchips, data speed can be increased and energy loss reduced. Credit: Yi Yu” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Create Tiny “Nanolaser” That Could Revolutionize Future Computers)

Those transmitter-receiver antenna pairs can have an adjustable angle. This allows them to measure distance to the target. Very accurately. In those cases, the other antennas can send plus, and the other transmitter antennas can send A minus mark. Radio signals. Those signals form an electric arc to the target. 

This is important when something comes. Straight ahead to radar. The quantum dot-based radar can also use moving structures. 

Sometimes it’s discussed. About the possibility of using things like helium atoms as quantum radars. The atom’s core acts as a transmitter. And electrons act as a receiver. The system can also use things like excitons. The hole acts as a receiver. And the electron. Which orbits the hole act as a transmitter. Those exciton-based systems are already in use. 

In the laser-based systems. They can use the one-pixel scanner. And the nano-lasers. Those one-pixel systems can be in a frame that spins around the laser. 

The new nanotechnical lasers can act as pairs with the pixels that can receive the reflection. The laser. It can have a frame. Those receiving pixels are in that frame. As a circle. This makes it possible to create optical lidar (”laser radar”) that can scan surfaces and operate over longer distances. 


https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-break-optical-limits-with-quantum-dot-powered-nanoscopy/


https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-create-tiny-nanolaser-that-could-revolutionize-future-computers/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_radar


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciton

Thursday, January 1, 2026

Meissner effect: the electromagnetic levitation.



“A long-standing mystery surrounding an unusual superconductor has taken a decisive turn. By carefully applying shear strain to ultrathin crystals of strontium ruthenate, researchers found that its superconducting transition temperature remains almost completely unchanged. Credit: Stock” (ScitechDaily, A 30-Year Superconductivity Mystery Just Took a Sharp Turn)

The Meissner effect is the key. Into. Ultimate stealth. And low noise flying. In the second image, you can see how the energy field or quantum field travels past the object, causing the lifting effect. The Meissner effect causes ideas. If researchers can create the material that avoids the situation where electron shells fall closer to the atom's core, it would make it possible. To create room-temperature superconductors. 

In superconductors, the material is in the Bose-Einstein state. That means their energy level is very low. The distance of electrons to the atom’s core is very long. When. Outside energy pushes atoms. It pushes. An atom’s electrons. To the atom’s core. When the outside quantum field transports energy into an atom. That effect. Pushes electrons. Close to each other. And the atom’s core. That raises energy density in the atom. That pushes atoms away from each other. And that destroys the superconducting.  


*********************************************************************





“Diagram of the Meissner effect. Magnetic field lines, represented as arrows, are excluded from a superconductor when it is below its critical temperature.” (Wikipedia, Meissner effect)


T= Real temperature


TC=Temperature critical. Critical temperature is the point. At which the object can form the surrounding quantum field. Which closes its particles inside one quantum field. The idea of the Meissner effect is that every particle is inside the quantum field. The particle that can be an elementary particle or atom is in the middle of its quantum field. When. 

The quantum field moves. The position of the particle in relation to the field changes. Because particles attempt to position themselves in the middle of their quantum fields. Moving that field. Moves particles. Theoretically, it is possible to create a quantum system that moves the craft in a way that seems to break natural laws. The system can hover using the Meissner effect. 

This requires that the entire craft’s shell turn into a superconductor. Then the system must only adjust the position of the quantum bubble that surrounds the superconducting craft. This means that the object attempts to position itself in the middle of the bubble. This thing moves the craft. 

The idea is a “stolen” or adjusted version of the idea that there is a dark matter halo that moves a galaxy. The dark energy will not affect matter. But if the source of dark energy is in dark matter. The dark matter. That sends dark energy, that is the wave movement. 

Dark energy. With. The source is in. Dark matter particles can affect. To Other. Dark matter particles. Dark energy moves. The dark matter halo around the galaxy. And because the galaxy attempts to position itself. Into the middle of the dark matter halo, moving that halo moves the galaxy. 

*********************************************************************

The Meissner effect in the superconductor is possible because particles in the superconducting material are in an extremely low-energy condition. There is no oscillation between particles. This means energy from outside travels to the superconductors. 

And then that energy pushes particles closer together. Those particles are inside one. A very large. Quantum field. When energy starts to travel from below to that object, those particles act. As. One entirety. This thing forms. An. An electromagnetic low-pressure or lower-energy area above the superconductor. The energy that comes from below pushes a superconducting object above the ground. The reason why the same effect cannot push other objects up is simple. 

The quantum field that pushes objects upward cannot travel between particles at higher temperatures. In the case of superconducting objects, the quantum field around objects doesn’t allow the pushing field travel in the objects. Those are in the superconducting condition. Because. There is no oscillation in the object, and that doesn’t allow the outside radiation to travel between particles. For making levitation, the lifting field must have a pushing effect. 

Into. A so large area that it can affect as many particles, that the electromagnetic shadow pushes the entirety up. The energy must not also travel in the object. When. We think of the possibility. Of using the Meissner effect. As levitation. It's possible to cover the surface with. Large number. Of superconducting particles. Those superconducting points can lift even large objects from the ground. Or they can decrease the weight of the object. 



https://scitechdaily.com/a-30-year-superconductivity-mystery-just-took-a-sharp-turn/



https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-crack-a-new-code-to-explore-dark-matters-hidden-life/



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect


Saturday, November 15, 2025

The new materials and inventions can mean a breakthrough in hypersonic technology.


The SR-71 and SR-72 "DarkStar" (Above)  are the fastest atmospheric aircraft. The SR-71 is the fastest known manned aircraft. with a speed of Mach 3.2 at 26,000 meters. The SR-72 can reach Mach 6 at high altitudes. The fastest air-breathing aircraft was X-43A, which reached a speed of Mach 12. But the X-43A was an air-launched single-use experimental aircraft. The retired SR-71 and SR-72 are systems that can be used many times. The SR-71 and SR-72 operate from normal runways. 

However, low-level high-speed flight faces challenges, primarily the thermal effects that can damage the aircraft's body.  

Whirls around the aircraft, known as turbulence, are one of the factors that limit hypersonic technology. The ability to remove whirls around the body could make a revolution in hypersonic technology. When an aircraft flies in the atmosphere, air flows over its body. If there is a small bulge on the body, that bulge creates a whirl that causes oscillation in the hypersonic body. The whirl acts like a roll.  One of the solutions. That can decrease the turbulence. It is making those bodies as smooth as possible. 




"Artist's concept of X-43A with scramjet attached to the underside." (Wikipedia, NASA X-43)


One solution could be a system that pushes airflow away from the body. If the aircraft can make the air layer against the body and wings as thin as possible, that removes turbulence. In some models. Things like superconducting magnets. Those that are on both sides of the aircraft can be used to push air away from the aircraft's body. The idea is that the system uses the Meissner effect. To create a thin air bubble around the aircraft. The superconducting magnets. Or the Meissner system can be used to create an acoustic bubble around the craft. The system benefits from the superconducting levitation effect. For pushing air away from the body. 

This thing makes. It is possible to create thin air conditions around the aircraft. The new materials that can transport heat out of the aircraft body. It can also make it possible to create systems that can travel with incredible speed. New materials like magic-angle graphene can pull thermal energy out from an aircraft’s body. 





“Diagram of a typical gas turbine jet engine” (Wikipedia, Turbojet)







“Diagram of a valved pulsejet. 


1 - Air enters through the valve and is mixed with fuel. 


2 - The mixture is ignited, expands, closes the valve, and exits through the tailpipe, creating thrust. 


3 - Low pressure in the engine opens the valve and draws in air.” (Wikipedia, Pulsejet) 





“Simple ramjet operation, with Mach numbers of flow shown”(Wikipedia, Ramjet)





“Diagram of principle of operation of a scramjet engine.” (Wikipedia, Scramjet)


The pulse-ramjets, or pulse scramjets, can be one of the answers to the hypersonic engine problems. The problem is that the blower wings of the turbojet don’t withstand the speed of Mach 6. In pulse-ramjets or scramjets, the combustion chamber has the shape of a ramjet and a scramjet engine. 

If the aircraft could make a molecular. Or an acoustic bubble around an aircraft. That system can make it possible to create low-flying ultra-fast aircraft solutions. The problem with hypersonic technology is the ramjet, or scramjet engine structure. Those systems don’t have blowers. So, the aircraft must travel at the speed of Mach 1 to ignite the ramjet engine. There is a possibility. To use regular turbojets to reach that speed. And then the system starts to drive fuel into ramjets. Then the iris closes the turbojet’s air intake. The answer can be the pulsejet engine. Or the flap system, which is used in the WWII V-1 “flying bomb”  missile engine. The pulsejet engine. That is shaped. The ramjet engine can be the answer. To the hypersonic system start problems. 

The flap ramjet.  Or pulse-ramjet, which uses a fuel and air mixture. Compressors drive in the combustion chamber. Then the system ignites that mixture. When speed is high enough, the compressor that drives oxygen into the combustion chamber shuts down. The flap system opens. The engine allows the air flow to travel to the ramjet engine. Another version. Is to use. The shock heating method could be used to ignite the ramjet. The system must only deny. The air flow to the front of the engine.

There is a possibility of using things like phonons to increase the pressure in the engines. The system can use coherent sound waves to press a fuel-air mixture against the wall of the combustion chamber. If the system can make a coherent sound wave. That can press a fuel-air mixture against the wall of the combustion chamber. If that pressure is high enough, that system can ignite a ramjet engine in a static position. 

https://defensefeeds.com/military-tech/air-force/reconnaissance-aircraft/lockheed-martin-sr-72/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LockheedSR-71_Blackbird


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_SR-72


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_X-43


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsejet


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket-based_combined_cycle


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb

Sunday, October 26, 2025

Satellites are primary targets in modern warfare.



If somebody wants to make killer satellites or satellite killers. That doesn’t need any fundamental technology. The hostile actor requires only large rockets. And the system that recognizes the satellite. Or if the actor wants to close some orbiters. That actor must shoot metal projectiles like nuts to create artificial Kessler Syndrome. This makes things like North Korea's large missiles dangerous. 

France confirms that it’s planning to shoot satellites directly from the ground by using directed energy weapons. Trump’s Golden Dome will transfer the weapons race into space, claim critics. But the fact is that the weapon race is already in space. Satellites play a vital role in modern warfare. And that’s why those systems are targeted for Anti-Satellite, ASAT systems. All big space countries. Can create some kind of satellite killers. Basically, all satellites can act as satellite killers if they are programmed to collide with other satellites. The first killer satellites were tested in the 1960s. 

The Soviets launched the so-called Istrebitel Sputnikov (IS) program to develop killer satellites. Satellites equipped with “special equipment”, like rockets or detonating warheads. To destroy space targets. In November 1968, 4 years after Polyot 1 and 2 were tested for a potential Satellite intercept, Kosmos 248 was successfully destroyed by Kosmos 252, which came within the 5km 'kill radius' and destroyed Kosmos 248 by detonating its warhead.” (Wikipedia, Istrebitel Sputnikov).

Those satellites were launched using Tsyklon rockets. After that. The Soviets started the Almaz and Polyus programs to develop the killer satellites and space combat stations. Those systems included miniature shuttles, MiG-105 “Spiral”, space rocket launchers, and satellites, equipped with machine guns. Things like FOBS (Fractional Orbital Bombardment Systems) made those space systems very dangerous. This is why the U.S. Air Force created their ASAT weapon. After that, things are miniature satellite carriers are suspected. To operate also as ASAT weapons. The miniature satellite is one of the most capable ASAT systems. The miniature satellite can collide with other satellites. Satellite-killer is not the same thing as an anti-ballistic missile system. 

It can hide in the orbiter and then target other satellites. There are also plans to use giant Mylar bags against satellites. Those bags close satellites inside them. And then the puller satellite pulls those satellites into the atmosphere. The ground-based laser systems. These are tools that can destroy suspected satellites. Russians and Chinese are using lasers to blind reconnaissance satellites. The ground-based laser systems. Those that are on high mountains can destroy low-altitude orbiting satellites. Also, laser weapons. Those that are in high-flying aircraft can be effective ASAT systems. Those high-flying ASAT systems are good targets for the spaceborne kinetic, or directed energy weapons. 

Advanced technology in satellites makes it possible. To create radar satellites. That can observe areas of less than 30 centimeters. Those satellites play a primary role in the Ukraine war. And those satellites can be targets for the extended-range anti-radiation missile systems. The missile finds its target like all other anti-radiation missiles. And the low-orbiter satellites. Like IceEye can be those systems' primary targets. This is why those satellites require an effective self-defense capability. When an incoming ASAT missile is coming to the target, there is no time to react. Those missiles can be shot from fighters, bombers, submarines, and surface battle units. The same systems that defend satellites against incoming ASAT missiles can also destroy other satellites. If some FOBS system opens fire. There is not very much time to react. There are two types of this orbital system. 

The system that drops nuclear bombs to the ground. And another version that detonates over the target area. The FOBS system can use the 15-kiloton 200mm nuclear grenades. Or it can detonate above the target area, causing a powerful EMP pulse. The nuclear weapon that is hidden in the satellite can destroy the entire defense system. And this “GoldenEye” type weapon might not need to be released from the capsule. Those satellites don’t need the heat shield if some other satellite or space shuttle takes them into the cargo bay and returns to base. 

New threats are the so-called orbital trash cans. Those satellites are planned to collect space junk. Like satellites that have finished their career. The system can jam the satellite using an EMP pulse. And then that junk collector hijacks that satellite and returns it to the airbase. That kind of system. Can capture things like IceEye satellites. This means that the space is the new place for combatants. And who controls orbitals controls the world. 



https://www.iceye.com/



https://dailygalaxy.com/2025/10/france-just-confirmed-plans-to-fire-lasers-at-satellites-from-the-ground-or-directly-from-orbit/



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessler_syndrome



https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikojan-Gurevit%C5%A1_MiG-105



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istrebitel_Sputnikov



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyus_(spacecraft)



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyklon



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyklon



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyklon-2


Saturday, October 25, 2025

The new observation tools can revolutionize atomic-scale observation.



"Caption:This image depicts the radium atom’s pear-shaped nucleus of protons and neutrons in the center, surrounded by a cloud of electrons (yellow), and an electron (yellow ball with arrow)". (InterestingEngineering, MIT’s new method helps probe inside atom’s nucleus using electrons as ‘messengers)

“The team used the environments within molecules as a sort of microscopic particle collider. Scientists have developed a new method that can help them probe inside atom’s nucleus. Developed by researchers at MIT, the method uses the atom’s own electrons as “messengers” within a molecule to help probe inside the nucleus.” (InterestingEngineering, MIT’s new method helps probe inside atom’s nucleus using electrons as ‘messengers)

The radium fluoride molecule can help to analyze an atom’s nucleus. The system uses radium fluoride to transmit energy into the atom’s electron curtain. That curtain sends energy, or wave movement, into the atom’s nucleus. Reflecting radiation creates valleys and hills in the electron curtain. Those hills and valleys tell about the position of protons and neutrons. 

And then. Researchers can analyze atoms. Protons and neutrons. And their position. Every proton in the atom’s core is like a small magnet. And this system can tell why there is more matter than antimatter in the universe. The same system can make it possible. To create new ways to create nanomachines and nanostructures. The biggest advance in this method to analyze atoms is that. This system fits the table. Another advancement is that the system must not have as strong energy fields as previous systems. 




“Illustration of photon-photon scattering in the laboratory. Two green petawatt lasers beams collide at the focus with a third red beam to polarise the quantum vacuum. This allows a fourth blue laser beam to be generated, with a unique direction and colour, which conserves momentum and energy. Credit: Zixin (Lily) Zhang.” (ScitechDaily, Oxford Physicists Simulate Quantum “Light from Darkness” for the First Time)

Previous systems. That included kilometers-long accelerators. They were not very suitable for use in nanotechnology. Those previous systems used so much energy that the weak structures could be destroyed. The radium fluoride system uses radiation. That is lower energy than accelerators, which can disturb the nanotweezers. That could be acoustic or laser beams. Low-energy surveillance system. Will not disturb the process itself. The weakness in this kind of system is in radium. Radium is a very highly radioactive material. It is not possible to produce lots of radium fluoride. In the wrong hands, that material is very dangerous. 

Things like the ability to create light from emptiness are also things that can revolutionize nanotechnology. The synthetic color, or wavelength of the radiation, makes those laser tweezers more stable. The outside effects are not very strong in the cases where the system moves particles in the factory that uses laser tweezers. Nanotechnology can use those things. Into the more advanced ability to connect and disconnect atoms into molecules. The ability to affect a single bond. In chemical compounds is the thing. That can revolutionize nanotechnology. The Oxford method requires very high-power lasers. But someday that technology can turn right. 

If we think about a situation. That energy beam destroys an atom’s nucleus. The magnetic field can pull protons off the particle cloud. And then the remaining particles are neutrons. There is a possibility to accelerate neutrons by bombarding them with laser beams. Or maybe the magnetic fields can make that acceleration if a neutron is in the right position. The neutron has polarity. And that makes it possible to accelerate them using magnetic fields. 


https://interestingengineering.com/science/mits-method-probe-inside-atom-electrons


https://scitechdaily.com/oxford-physicists-simulate-quantum-light-from-darkness-for-the-first-time/


Wednesday, September 17, 2025

Curvity is the new way to control the drone swarms.

   Curvity is the new way to control the drone swarms. 



"Illustration of robots advancing artificial swarm intelligence inspired by the collective behaviors of birds, fish, and bees."(Rude Baguette, “Curvity Controls Robot Interactions”: Researchers Develop New Framework Allowing Robotic Swarms to Mimic Bird and Fish Group Behaviors)

Drone swarms could be the tool that can make almost everything. The idea is that drones can cooperate and connect their computing capacity when they must make complex decisions. Then the swarm can share missions to individual drones. When we think about robot swarms that can mimic things like bird swarms, those robots must know their position in the swarm. The answer to that question can be curvature or curvity. Rude Baguette tells the next things about curvity. 

“A key innovation of the study is the introduction of a new quantity termed “curvity.” This intrinsic charge-like quality allows a robot to curve in response to external forces, guiding its interactions with fellow robots. Each robot is assigned a positive or negative curvity value, which determines its behavior within the swarm. This innovative approach allows for the collective behavior of the swarm to be controlled, whether it involves flocking, flowing, or clustering.”  (Rude Baguette, “Curvity Controls Robot Interactions”: Researchers Develop New Framework Allowing Robotic Swarms to Mimic Bird and Fish Group Behaviors)

Assistant Professor Stefano Martiniani from New York University emphasized the potential of this approach: “This curvature drives the collective behavior of the swarm, potentially controlling whether the swarm flocks, flows, or clusters.” Such a model transforms the challenge of controlling swarms from complex programming into a material science issue, opening new avenues for research and application.” (Rude Baguette, “Curvity Controls Robot Interactions”: Researchers Develop New Framework Allowing Robotic Swarms to Mimic Bird and Fish Group Behaviors)

Sharing the system into substructures that mimic galactic groups makes it easier to create programs for robots. Each layer or level acts as one robot. 

The system can involve the next type of information. 

“You are a robot of robot group 9. Robots 1 and 2 must be ahead of you. And robot 4 must be on the left side of you. Together, you are Robot Swarm 2, and Swarms 1 must be on your side, and Swarms 3 and 4 must be behind you. Together, your place is in layer 3. That layer must be between layer 2 and 4.” Then the system has other algorithms that tell what to do if one drone is lost. 

The key question is how the robot can determine its position within the swarm. In this case, the modular structure is the solution. There can be multiple data levels, which makes the data structure operate as a mosaic. Or, rather, we can say that the structure mimics the universe. There are individual drones that are galaxies in galactic clusters. Then those drone clusters form a local cluster. Then, local clusters form a super cluster. And then the superclusters form a global cluster. Those clusters are the drone swarms. The ability to share the groups into subgroups makes it easier to program those drones. 

The idea is that the drones can form three or four drone groups. The individual drone knows. What drones are behind it, and what drones are ahead of it? The drone group acts like one drone. And then it must know what drone group is ahead and behind it. Then the drone group must know. Whether it should be above or below some of the other drones. The system can make that quite easily. It can share the drone swarm into layers. And those drones know their own layer. And then they know what drones should be below and what should be above it. Those drones can operate in squares. That can look like randomly changing forms. 

https://www.rudebaguette.com/en/2025/09/curvity-controls-robot-interactions-researchers-develop-new-framework-allowing-robotic-swarms-to-mimic-bird-and-fish-group-behaviors/


Sunday, September 14, 2025

Unpredictable actions make human behavior hard to predict.

  Unpredictable actions make human behavior hard to predict. 


"To be, or not to be" 


98% of generative AI projects fail. The reason for that is that researchers try to replace humans. But is this the only thing that causes failures? Another thing that can cause failure is this: people try to use AI for purposes. There, it cannot operate. When we think. About those cases, there is always a possibility that people misunderstand. Things about what they should do. There is a possibility that people try to use AI as a tool that makes something impossible. And one of those things is. To use the AI. To make predictions about economics. 

Economics, psychology, and sociology are not exact sciences like mathematics and physics. The AI can calculate things like the energy levels of particles quite easily. If it knows all quantum fields. And all other things. That interacts with that thing. A psychological effect. Makes it impossible to make predictions about the economic advances. Human behavior is unpredictable. When we go out and say. We go for a walk. For 30 minutes. But we might not do that thing. 


Feelings and imagination are things. That allows us to make unpredictable things. 


We should always react to similar stress in similar ways. But we use only successful ways to respond to the challenges. If we don’t get successful feedback. We change the method. How to respond to the challenge. Every action that we do is a small challenge. When we cross the road, there is always a possibility that a car will hit us. When we walk to the shop, there is always a possibility that we slip on the icy street. That’s why there must be an alternative route. 

There is always a possibility that a burglar breaks into the shop, and the police keep the shop closed. Or the milk car can have an engine failure. Causing a lack of milk in the shop. Most everyday challenges involve a risk of injury. Or even die. If we cannot act right. If we just run to the road. Without caring about anything, there is a possibility that we run straight under the car. 

We can make a U-turn just outside the door and walk back in. We can change our direction for any visible reason. The reason why we make that U-turn could be that we just want to turn around. When a particle turns its direction, there must be some outside reason. The behavior of the particles and radiation is predictable. If we know the entirety. And the thing that makes us unpredictable is feelings. If we feel that we cannot accept something, we don’t do that thing, even if our sense says something else. 

This makes things like economics hard to predict. We should have knowledge of how certain persons react. In certain situations. But the problem is that we cannot know everything that the person faced during their life. And those missing parts can be the most. important things for that person. This is why it’s hard to predict how people react in certain situations. 

One of the reasons why behavior models are failing is that people hide data. Making predictions of the behavior of large groups of humans is much easier. When the group that AI uses grows. That means that the accuracy in the behavior of those people increases. But when we try to predict the behavior of a single person. We must collect all the data of them. We can see from that data how a person reacts to certain situations. If that person faces a similar situation. We can predict when. That person faces a similar situation again. That person will always act in a similar way in all similar situations if the way the person used was successful. 

The thing that makes us unpredictable gives us a big advantage over our competitors. The ability to make unpredictable moves and solutions makes predators hard. To track. And hunt us down. This is the ultimate ability in nature. Abstract thinking is the tool. That gives us the ability to make plans. That gives us the ability to operate unpredictably. 


Solar-powered drones and hypersonic technology are ultimate tools.

  Solar-powered drones and hypersonic technology are ultimate tools. 


"Because Skydwellers are solar-powered, they are green with zero carbon footprint." (Interesting Engineering, Drone with Boeing 747-sized wingspan flies 74 hours non-stop on only solar power)


New solar-powered drones can be far more effective than anyone expected. 


In some scenarios, solar-powered drones can be utilized for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeting purposes. Solar-powered drones can fly far higher than regular, jet-engined drones. If a solar-powered drone is made using stealth materials and uses low-visibility technology. Those systems can fly far above target areas, record radar signals, and observe communication tasks. And other things. Using different types of optical and radar scanners. The drone itself leaves a minimum IR and radar signature, and that system can transmit information about the battlefield to headquarters. 

Controllers can use laser data communication with those systems. The high-flying drone, or pseudo-satellite. Can make a similar mission. With satellites. And the difference is their flexibility. The large-sized drone can also transport rockets and missiles, and it can operate as a flying launching platform for satellite carriers as well as large missiles. 

The high-flying drones can see things. Like hypersonic missile launches, it can give early warning signals to the HQ. The hypersonic missile is one of the most critical things in modern warfare. If the large-sized Intercontinental ballistic missile, ICBM, launches the hypersonic missile. The flight trajectory would be a high-parabolic. 


A winged V-2 /A-4b) rocket is the atmospheric missile’s stem form. The wing’s idea was to give that primitive missile the external range. That missile had the purpose to bomb New York, but its test flights began in spring 1945. Some of them could fly in White Sands, USA, after WWII. 

The missile transports the hypersonic system to a high trajectory, and then the hypersonic missile dives back to the atmosphere and launches its ramjet or scramjet engine. The trajectory makes the hypersonic missile launch quite hard to detect. The launch may seem like a rocket failure. That means hypersonic missiles are tools that are hard for defense.  That’s why those early warning and defense systems require updating. 

There is a possibility that giant ICBM missiles like “Sarmats” can transport those hypersonic missiles to their targets. The system can be based on the technology used in “Brahmos” missiles. The hypersonic missile can replace the upper stage, or stages, in an ICBM. Another version of the hypersonic missiles is the so-called atmospheric missiles. The atmospheric missile is a hypersonic missile. That uses a regular rocket engine to give speed. The missile can have wings and a steering wing. This changes the symmetry in the rocket engine’s exhaust gas. Which turns the missile. The atmospheric missile can have a selectable flight profile. That system can fly like a normal missile. But it can have an atmospheric flight profile. 


http://www.astronautix.com/a/a-4b.html


https://interestingengineering.com/military/drone-boeing-747-sized-wingspan-flies


https://interestingengineering.com/photo-story/us-military-validates-all-electric-drone


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AeroVironment_Helios_Prototype


Friday, September 12, 2025

New self-assembly nanotubes turn the impossible possible.

New self-assembly nanotubes turn the impossible possible. 

"The crystal structure of a carbon bilayer. The purple outer layer and blue inner layer each have a similar arrangement of carbon atoms but are rotated relative to each other by just a few degrees. Credit: © 2021 Isobe et al." (ScitechDaily, Moiré Than Meets the Eye: Carbon Nanotubes Self-Assemble Into Complex Structures for Materials Research)

The Moiré pattern allows nanotubes to undergo a self-assembly process. Self-assembling nanostructures are a fundamental thing in nanoscale systems. That makes it possible to create extremely long nanotubes. Those nanotubes can be the fundamental materials in lightweight and strong structures, from extremely tall buildings to very strong aviation materials. 

Nanoscale technology means that. The structure is planned and created at the atomic level. The nanoscale structures are like LEGOs, and they can form larger structures. Nanotube technology makes it possible. To create lightweight and strong structures. In nanotube-based nanostructures, the nanotube bundle is bound together using a graphene layer. That makes the structure strong and lightweight. Those nanotube structures make it possible to create very tall buildings. 



The nanotube structure that graphene binds together. 



Artist’s impression of a space elevator


"A space elevator is conceived as a cable fixed to the equator and reaching into space. A counterweight at the upper end keeps the center of mass well above geostationary orbit level. This produces enough upward centrifugal force from Earth's rotation to fully counter the downward gravity, keeping the cable upright and taut. Climbers carry cargo up and down the cable." (Wikipedia, Space elevator)



Artist’s impression of Ceres space elevator.( Wikipedia commons)

The space sling is one of the versions of the centrifugal launch systems. Or spin launchers. The idea is similar to space elevators. That benefits Earth's rotation. For transport satellites to the orbiter or even to the solar system. The idea is that the probe is connected to a satellite using a very long cable. On the other side is the counterbalance. When the system launches a satellite, the space sling slings that cable.  Where the probe is connected like a sling. When the satellite is separated, the system must also separate the counterbalance that is on the other cable. Or it must roll that cable inside. 

When we think about mega-projects like space elevators, we always think about the mast-shaped structure. That some kind of asteroid keeps up. By benefiting from the centripetal force. The structure can also involve a pressure statue. If the system allows the airflow inside that tower. The air pressure pushes it up. And pressure keeps it in its form. 

 Another way to make that tower is to use the same technology. Used in the Burj Khalifa tower in Dubai. The building requires a large area base, which could be hundreds of kilometers. If the building’s area is large enough, it can be so high that it can reach even the edge of space. The building could be the mega-pyramid that has ever been seen before. 

And anyway, if we think about a kilometer-high launch tower, the rocket will launch through the low-pressure channel, which can save fuel. The rocket will be put in a launch position in the launch tube. Then the hatch at the top of the channel will open. And low pressure pulls the rocket through that channel. But those things are future visions. About systems that can revolutionize space technology. 


https://scitechdaily.com/moire-than-meets-the-eye-carbon-nanotubes-self-assemble-into-complex-structures-for-materials-research/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevator

The key to innovations is positive thinking.

 The key to innovations is positive thinking. 


Above: Burj Khalifa

Yesterday, people celebrated new things. They kept parades for new bridges. They proudly claimed that they built the tallest building on Earth. They made new types of engines. And developed new ideas. For science and technology. In 1950, people believed that we would fly using some kind of flying saucers, and every person had their own nuclear reactor in their yard. And they would have flying cars, etc. There were visions that took people to the Moon. 

Without visions and innovations, we cannot make products for our companies. If we want to make people come to our cities. There must be something that makes our cities interesting. The famous buildings. Like Burj Khalifa in Dubai. Call tourists. And locals think. That tourists leave money in their country. There is a proverb in Dubai. Money is like sand in tourists' hands. And a little bit of it always falls to the banks of the United Arab Emirates. 

The net formed a new way of communication. Those visions brought new ways to communicate. And they brought us new medicines. And many other things. Things like the internet were the biggest advances in history. That made new types of AI possible. The AI is the tool. That makes it possible to create new materials and tools. We are part of the networks. And networks are connecting people together. 


Above: Jeddah Tower




"The Line is a planned city in Saudi Arabia, designed to be a 170 km long, 200 meters wide, and 500 meters high string of skyscrapers with a population density ten times that of Manhattan. However, researchers from the Complexity Science Hub argue that its linear design is inefficient, hindering active mobility and necessitating a high-speed rail system that would still result in longer commutes than in other major cities. Credit: Neom" (ScitechDaily, Saudi Arabia’s “The Line”: Urban Marvel or Nightmare?)



When we think about networking. And working on the internet, we might ask: Why are we members of the networks? Why do species make networks? They share their genetic inheritance. When people make networks. We make them for sharing. And getting new ideas. Those new ideas are things that we can mix with the information that we already have. The networks are thing that gives new ideas to people. 

But if we want to get new innovations. We should think of them. As positive things. If we just find negative things. About those projects, we would not have any innovations. There is a possibility that with a sceptical attitude. We just continue. Using old methods and old tools, and leaving all Burj Khalifas at the theoretical level. That means that somebody will build that thing anyway. The idea of using Burj Khalifa as a marketing tool is this. When people ask, “What is the tallest building on Earth?”. The system gives the name of the building and location. 

Then there are images of Burj Khalifa. The UAE leaders believe that at least 10% of the people who see those images ask, “Would we spend our next holiday in Dubai”? If there are a billion people and 10% will discuss that thing, that means 100 million people will talk about that place to spend their holiday. And if ten percent of those people want to buy their holiday. And spend that in Dubai. It means. One million  visitors will come to see Burj Khalifa. If all of them leave 5 euros, in that building. That brings 5 million Euros in that building’s cash. And of course, those people bring something to other places in Dubai. 

But there is another way to make innovations. And business. That thing is to shame innovations. If the company doesn’t bring something new and interesting to the forefront of people's minds. That means somebody else brings. 

The Burj Khalifa, 828 m, is still the tallest building. However, Saudi Arabia published plans to create a 1000-meter-wide building. Jeddah Tower in Saudi-Arabia will rise to a kilometer.  It will be the tallest building on Earth when it's ready. Another thing that Saudi-Arabia plans is “The Line”. A 170-kilometer-long and 500-meter-high building. The last one will be the city in one house. That structure is feared to cause problems with birds. The Line is also suspected to be used to keep people under control. 

These extremely large houses will also come. To Northern Europe. Those houses can be the next generation living environment, where people will live and work. And have their free time. In the same buildings. When we think about this kind of solution. It would be cheap and effective. At the same time, people lose their last contact with nature. 


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah_Tower


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Line,_Saudi_Arabia



Wednesday, September 10, 2025

The Beyraktar drone makes its comeback.

 The Beyraktar drone makes its comeback. 


Above: “ A Ukrainian TB2 drone armed with precision-guided weapons.” (Eurasian Times)


At the beginning of the Ukrainian war, the Beyraktar drone was the key element in the defense. Then, Russian electronic warfare systems made that drone unable to operate, but the Beyraktar TB-2 may be back in business. The question is this: Are those Beyraktars the same that operated during the early Russian attack? There is a possibility that those drones are updated. The Beyraktar-type drones are large, and they can carry sub-drones or independent, AI-controlled kamikaze drones. 

Or those Beyraktars can have an improved ability to cooperate with drone swarms and track missile sites. And especially sites that operate fiber drones. Or maybe their mission is to search Russian ECM stations and destroy them. Those drones can also operate. In maritime patrol duties. Recently, a Beyraktar drone sank a vessel in Black Sea. 

There is a possibility that those large-sized drones can also operate as decoys or larger kamikaze drones. The purpose of those drones is to make the Russians attack it. The larger-sized drones can carry larger. And more powerful computers than small-sized drones. When we think about Beyraktars, there is a possibility that there are also jet-powered versions of that drone. Another possibility is that the larger drone will carry Beyraktar to a strike distance from the target. The Beyraktar is a system that can carry an AI-based image recognition and attack system. 

The carrier vehicle can carry that drone deep into the Russian airspace. The AI-based system. Makes it possible to select. And attack targets independently. Those drones will not need radio communication. Or GPS. They can use optical digital scene-matching area correlation. Those are terrain contour-matching systems, boosted with aided inertial navigation systems, TERCOM/TAINS, which make those systems independent. from the GPS. The system uses the landmarks and inertial to navigate to the target. 

A radioisotope thermoelectric generator, RTG, gives unlimited operational time for drones. 

And then the system can drop parasite drones near the target, and Beyraktar can make a kamikaze mission against those targets. These kinds of systems are possible. The reason why. There are so many “maybes” in this text. Is this. There must be some kind of reason. Why Ukrainians return to that old system for operational use. There is a possibility that this kind of drone also has unlimited operational capacity. 

Those drones can use electric engines and a radioisotope thermoelectric generator, RTG. The RTG gives electricity to the systems. And those systems can operate for a very long time. The Voyager space probe uses the RTG generator. Which has delivered electricity for almost 50 years. That means a propeller or blower using a drone can operate for almost unlimited time. The blower gives  a higher speed for the drone. And that kind of stealth drone can be almost invisible. Those drones. Will not leave infrared marking, and their small size helps them survive. 


https://www.eurasiantimes.com/bayraktar-tb2-drone-made-a-comeback-in-ukraine/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FP-5_Flamingo


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERCOM

Monday, September 8, 2025

Why is it hard to impose sanctions on Russia?

 Why is it hard to impose sanctions on Russia? 


We always wonder why Trump hesitates to impose sanctions against Russia. The reason for that is extremely complicated. We know that the Russian government has large-scale nuclear weapons that they use as blackmail tools. That is an easy explanation. There is also another problem with Russia, and that problem is China. China is the biggest producer of rare earth metals. In the world. Even if the USA is one of the most powerful and advanced countries in the world. That country is bound in the international, global-scale raw material network. 

And that thing puts the brakes on the U.S. government. The USA has been the most advanced microchip maker on this planet. But the problem is that. This country requires many strategic metals and minerals that are used to make microchips and other technical equipment. This means that if China does not deliver those minerals, the USA’s ability to produce microchips decreases. Another problem is things like oil. Many oil producers in the Middle East are BRICS countries. Those countries want to see Putin as their ally. The reason for that is that those nations are non-democratic, and the activist movement wants to limit weapon sales to those countries. 

Those people know that Putin is not as sharp as Western actors who use those weapons. And Putin can sell things like nuclear weapons technology to those countries whose main source of income is minerals, and especially the oil and gas industry. The U.S military requires oil and gas for its global operations. The nuclear bomber can operate on a global scale using airborne refueling. But the support operators.  Like special forces teams. Need petroleum for their equipment, in case the nuclear bomber must make an emergency landing. Those operators also require a base in the Middle East where they can operate. In those situations. 


Another problem is that Putin thinks that he can try to buy politicians and other people to support his propaganda. People know. That Putin and his regime are willing to make sacrifices to stay in control.  The fact is that those sacrifices don’t touch Putin’s nomenclature. And that is the thing that is a big problem. Another thing is that nobody knows how big a sacrifice Putin is willing to make. Putin is the man who is in command. But he is not the entire regime. There are people in Russia who support his policy. That means changing the leader might not mean that war ends or anything changes in Russia. 

There is a certain cycle. When we think about the freedoms in the Soviet Union and Russia. There are always thaws when new, young leaders take their position. But when leaders turn old. The secret police will start to tighten its grip on society. That means arresting and sending to the GULAG. When the leaders change, the people who served those leaders turn into criminals. In one night. After Stalin’s death, his loyal servants like Beriya and many other people went to prison and were executed. That was the second purge. Those purges followed all other soviet leaders. And they still continued. The idea is that people who served the old regime are useless. And the new leader collects a new regime around him. 

The thing is that the secret police controls the entire society in Russia. If leaders are not pleasing the secret police organization. That person faces a heart attack. As long as the secret police exists, there cannot be big changes in the Russian government. The secret police surrounds all Russian leaders as it surrounded Stalin, Lenin, and the Tsar. That organization is like a state in a state. And those people don’t hesitate to use violence. It is almost certain that the secret police killed the ex. Chairman of the KGB, Yuri Andropov. because the leader of the Communist Party, or literally the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, wanted to limit the secret police’s power. The KGB probably used salt injection for that case because Andropov’s kidneys were damaged, and that caused death. 


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Security_Service


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Andropov





Sunday, August 17, 2025

Chinese highly automated dark factories.

   Chinese highly automated dark factories. 



Chinese dark factories are so highly automated that they don’t even need light. This is the future of manufacturing. Robots working in complete darkness. Those systems are controlled by the AI. And that makes the assembly process very effective. Human-shaped robots can make almost everything that humans can. 

An advanced machine learning toolkit allows operators. To teach machines new things. very effectively. The system needs only one robot. That can make something, and then that system can scale that new skill over the entire network. That makes robots very effective workers. And maybe those ghost factories are starting to operate in Western cities. Robot factories are interesting. Especially if human-shaped robots work in that factory. 

That is the thing. That makes the AI dangerous. The ability to teach one robot and then scale that thing to all robots makes it possible to teach robot armies very effectively. The same human-shaped robot that can make cars. It can act as a robot soldier. That is one thing that we must realize. The second thing is that kinds of highly automated systems can also make other products than cars. The new stealth systems require ultimate secrecy. And the robot workers are a solution to that problem. 



The robot worker doesn’t call the newspaper. If it makes something that is not public. Another thing is that the robot worker can change its role by pressing a button. Flexible CAD/CAM (Computer-Aided Design/ Computer Aided Manufacturing) platforms that turn the CAD drawings straight to the product. Mean that the system can change the product in minutes. The factory involves 3D printers and machine workers. Those systems can make everything. They have instructions and raw materials. Those factories can make cars, aircraft, and other robots. 

That kind of thing can make many things more effectively than humans. That means those systems are the ultimate competitors for Western factories. They can make products without brakes. And that makes them ultimate operators in the military and civil sectors. The Chinese government, like all other actors, might be interested about the robot factory as a military robot producer. There is a possibility that robot factories are installed on ships. and they can build customized robots or other robot factories if they have enough raw materials. Or the ability to search for raw materials from nature. 

Saturday, August 2, 2025

Quantum microchips and photonic interactions.



"Artistic representation of metasurface quantum graphs. Credit: Joshua Mornhinweg" (ScitechDaily, Harvard Just Collapsed a Quantum Computer Onto a Chip)



Harvard scientists built a quantum computer on a chip. And that drives advances to the room- or table-sized quantum computers and quantum networks. This kind of system can also make the quantum internet, at least in the short range, possible. But long-distance wireless quantum communication requires new tools like photonics. Some researchers say that the future is in photonic microchips. That means the light acts as a data transporter. Those systems will use less energy than electric microchips.  But that thing requires new systems like optical gates. Today, researchers can make photonic microchips, but those systems are large-scale, and their mirrors and light cutters require AI-based systems that can control those light-based components. 

The main problem is how to make effective photonic versions of the electric components. And especially the photonic gates and switches are hard to make. The reason for that is that leaders will heat the physical iris. And controlling that system is not as effective as it should be. Data travels differently in those microchips. Theoretically, the system can use two frequencies or colors. The green can be one, and red can be zero. The system inputs serial numbers to those photonic bits so that the system can sort them into the right order. But the control system is very complicated. 





"Light can scatter off light, revealing ghostly particles and clues to cracking the universe’s fundamental laws. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Light Versus Light: The Secret Physics Battle That Could Rewrite the Rules)


Photonic interactions can solve many problems in quantum networks. If we think of a system that shoots a thin light wave or light quantum through the photon, that system can make the new quantum internet possible. The system downloads data to the particle from the photon, and then that data travels to that wave. For working perfectly, that system requires very accurate ways to control photons and their interactions. The photonic systems that are in the photonic interactions, where light scatters light to make possible things like optical gates. The photonic gate means a system where another lightwave or photon cuts the route of the lightwave. The system can also adjust the energy level of the light wave or adjust the lightwave’s wavelength. 

The photonic system that scatters light allows the cone that protects microchips and sensitive components against outgoing radiation. That system makes lightwaves travel past the layer. It would deny electromagnetic waves from reaching the shell of the system. The photonic interaction or scattering effect can make it possible to create new types of stealth systems. The idea is that the light or photons form a needle that scatters lightwaves past the object. If that scattered light can aim electromagnetic radiation to reach and reflect from the surface or aims reflection out from the observer, that thing makes the object itself invisible. There can be standing waves at the crossing point of the scattered waves. So the observer would see the lights in those points. 


https://scitechdaily.com/harvard-just-collapsed-a-quantum-computer-onto-a-chip/

https://scitechdaily.com/light-versus-light-the-secret-physics-battle-that-could-rewrite-the-rules/


Wednesday, July 30, 2025

What would you do with a pocket-sized spectrometer?



"A tiny, fast, and powerful light analyzer could soon bring lab-grade spectroscopy to your pocket. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, This Tiny Device Could Turn Your Phone Into a Lab-Grade Spectrometer)

"A team of engineers has unveiled a revolutionary mini-spectrometer that can fit on a fingertip and operate with low voltage, scanning light from UV to near-infrared in under a millisecond. "(ScitechDaily, This Tiny Device Could Turn Your Phone Into a Lab-Grade Spectrometer)

"This game-changing device replaces bulky traditional spectrometers and could soon be embedded in smartphones, unlocking powerful tools for material analysis, biomedical diagnostics, and more—right in your pocket. Its tiny photodetector shifts light sensitivity with simple voltage changes, offering speed and precision in a package smaller than a pixel." (ScitechDaily, This Tiny Device Could Turn Your Phone Into a Lab-Grade Spectrometer)

The new device transforms a normal cell phone into a lab-grade spectrometer. That kind of tool can be useful in many situations. Spectrometers can search for air pollution, pollution from water, poisonous substances, etc. People like crime-scene investigators, house inspectors, military personnel, and all interested people can use those systems for searching for chemical compounds. 

A spectrometer is a multi-use tool. It can search all types of chemical compounds. People who work in a crisis environment can search for things like nerve gases in the air using spectrometers. A pocket-sized spectrometer can give a warning about a chemical weapon. And that gives time to begin the counteractions. 



"Researchers have successfully demonstrated a spectrometer that is orders of magnitude smaller than current technologies and can accurately measure wavelengths of light from ultraviolet to the near-infrared. The technology makes it possible to create hand-held spectroscopy devices and holds promise for the development of devices that incorporate an array of the new sensors to serve as next-generation imaging spectrometers. This photo shows a series of prototype organic photodetector-based spectrometer cells. Each metal bar is a detector capable of measuring light spectra. Credit: Brendan O’Connor, NC State University" (ScitechDaily, This Tiny Device Could Turn Your Phone Into a Lab-Grade Spectrometer)


The spectrometer that cooperates with AI assistants can tell about things like harmful chemicals. And that tool can be useful in everyday life, scientific, leisure, and military worlds. The system that can search for poisonous chemicals can make our holidays successful. That kind of system can tell if we can drink some water or if some kind of food is contaminated. The thing that makes us sick is often chemicals that bacteria create in their metabolism.

The system can search for things like botulinum in meat or other toxic chemicals. If we connect a spectrometer to a telescope, that thing can tell us about the chemical environment of some other planet or distant houses. The system can also connect with microscopes that give the possibility to see chemical reactions in very small objects like cells. 

Pocket-sized spectrometers that can tell about chemical mixtures can revolutionize laboratory work and chemistry learning. Those things are useful in all cases where people want to see what some chemical compounds involve. Those things can tell how well an engine burns fuel. Or how clean water is. That kind of information can save lives. 


https://scitechdaily.com/this-tiny-device-could-turn-your-phone-into-a-lab-grade-spectrometer/


ESA's new Invictus space plane could be operational in 2031.



ESA's new space plane “Invictus” is one of the next-generation tools for civil and military space missions. The Invictus looks like the Skylon space plane that BAE recently cancelled. The Invictus could be based on technology that was created for Skylon, but the aircraft will have a more capable team working with it. The European Space Agency (ESA) plans to get Invictus airborne and operational at least in 2031. When we think about the Invictus’s role in space missions, we must first look at the cases where the Cold War-era F-4 Phantoms are planned to be used as satellite cargo missions. Those quite fast fighters will climb as high as they can and then launch miniature satellites into orbit. 

The Invictus can also raise similar satellite carriers to the edge of the atmosphere. And then they can launch those satellites far higher than the F-4 or F-15 Eagle. There have been plans to connect auxiliary rocket packs to the F-4 or F-15 that allow them to jump higher before they release the satellite. 

 The Invictus can have rocket-ramjet or more conventional rocket turbojet hybrid systems. The idea in rocket ramjets is that the ramjet engine raises the space plane to the edge of the atmosphere. Then the iris closes the engine face. And then the engine starts to use an internal oxygen source. In rocket turbojets, the system uses normal turbojet engines in atmospheric flight. 




"A US Vought ASM-135 ASAT missile launch on 13 September 1985, which destroyed P78-1" (Wikipedia, Anti-satellite weapon)

Then the system closes the face of the afterburner, and then that system turns the afterburner into a normal rocket. In the simplest engine solution, the aircraft uses turbojets in the atmosphere. When the flight altitude turns high enough, the system turns to use separated rocket engines. The iris at the front of the turbojet is required because the airflow can damage turbine wings. But if developers can install those orbital rocket engines with some other engine type that decreases the weight of the system. 

The staged system, where the aircraft can operate first with turbojets and then turn to ramjet and finally to scramjet, allows it to fly in the atmosphere at a higher speed using atmospheric oxygen. When that space plane jumps out from the atmosphere, it turns to use rocket mode in ramjet engines. 

There is also an idea about high-altitude airships (HAA), or High Altitude platform stations (HAPS), as the satellite launchers. Those airships can rise to altitudes of about 30 kilometers. They can launch bigger satellite carriers than jet fighters. Those platforms can be airships, balloons, or solar-powered aircraft. HAPS can also use things like internal fuel cells. The HAPS can carry a satellite launcher to high altitude and launch it there. 

The idea of aircraft-based satellite launchers is taken from the U.S. military ASAT, Anti-satellite weapon. The F-15 raises that weapon to the highest point of ballistic trajectory and then that system launches the satellite-killer missile. 

The thing in the satellite launchers is that the same systems can also transport anti-satellite (ASAT) systems to orbiters. Satellites are playing a bigger and bigger role in the modern military. Satellites offer reconnaissance information about enemy movements. And there are also killer satellites in space. ASAT systems can take those killer satellites out. So in that case, they play a counterweapon role. But of course, targeting satellites and military communication satellites are good targets for ASAT weapons. 

So, that means anti-satellite weapons will become more important than ever before. The ASAT weapons can also become more vital than ever before because of suspected fractional orbital bombardment systems (FOBS) or EMP weapons that the enemy launches at orbital trajectory. The ASAT system can eliminate those threats. 


https://www.rudebaguette.com/en/2025/07/theyre-back-from-the-dead-cold-war-f-4-phantoms-revived-to-launch-satellites-and-experts-warn-this-is-military-space-2-0/

https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/europe-working-to-launch-invictus-hypersonic-space-plane-by-2031-video

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_platform_station

Six clicks separate people from each other.

“A long-observed social phenomenon suggests that people across the globe are separated by surprisingly few connections. Credit: Stock” (Scit...